Behind the Scenes of Developmental Language Disorder: Time to Call Neuropsychology Back on Stage

Ekaterina Tomas, Constance Vissers, Ekaterina Tomas, Constance Vissers

Abstract

Although the Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), also known as Specific Language Impairment in children has been the focus of unceasing scientific attention for decades, the nature and mechanisms of this disorder remain unclear. Most importantly, we still cannot reliably identify children requiring urgent intervention among other 'late talkers' at an early age and understand the high prevalence of comorbidity with psychiatric phenomena such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. One of the main reasons for this is the traditional 'diagnosis-by-exclusion,' resulting in heterogeneity of the DLD population. This paper proposes an alternative approach to the diagnosis, treatment and research of DLD, claiming that it is these children's multiple deficits in neuropsychological development, which impede the spontaneous acquisition of their first language. Specifically, this review of the state-of-the-art in DLD research demonstrates deep and systematic interconnections between the speech and other higher cognitive functions developing in early childhood, including perception, attention and executive functions. In the proposed framework, speech is, therefore, considered as one of neuropsychological abilities, and the delay in its development is explained by other neuropsychological deficits, resulting in highly individual clinical profiles. By considering DLD as a complex neuropsychological syndrome, whose successful treatment depends on a holistic approach to diagnosis and intervention, we may significantly increase the efficacy of speech therapy, and also better understand the flexibility of the developing brain, its compensatory mechanisms and hence the comorbidity of DLD with psychiatric symptoms. Implications for using this paradigm in future scientific research are discussed.

Keywords: Developmental Language Disorder; Specific Language Impairment; attention; executive functions; neuropsychology; perception.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Neuropsychological perspective on cognitive and social functioning: the interplay between perception, attention and executive functions forms the foundation for language abilities. During social interaction, possible neuropsychological deficits are then behaviorally manifested through language as a proxy.

References

    1. Ahmmed A., Parker D., Newton V. (2006). Auditory temporal resolution in children with specific language impairment. J. Med. Speech Lang. Pathol. 14 79–96.
    1. Archibald L. M. D., Gathercole S. E. (2006). Nonword repetition: a comparison of tests. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 49 970–983. 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/070)
    1. Archibald L. M. D., Joanisse M. F., Munson B. (2013). Motor control and nonword repetition in specific working memory impairment and SLI. Top. Lang. Disord. 33 255–267. 10.1097/TLD.0b013e31829cf5e7
    1. Baddeley A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory? Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 417–423. 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
    1. Bailey P. J., Snowling M. J. (2002). Auditory processing and the development of language and literacy. Br. Med. Bull. 63 135–146. 10.1093/bmb/63.1.135
    1. Ballard J. C. (1996). Computerized assessment of sustained attention: a review of factors affecting vigilance performance. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 18 843–863. 10.1080/01688639608408307
    1. Barkley R. A. (1997). ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    1. Barkley R. A. (2012). Executive Functions: What They are, How They Work, and Why They Evolved. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    1. Bishop D. V. M. (1994). Is specific language impairment a valid diagnostic category? genetic and psycholinguistic evidence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 346 105–111. 10.1098/rstb.1994.0134
    1. Bishop D. V. M. (2006). What causes specific language impairment in children? Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 15 217–221. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00439.x
    1. Bishop D. V. M. (2009). Genes, cognition, and communication. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1156 1–18. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04419.x
    1. Bishop D. V. M. (2017). Why is it so hard to reach agreement on terminology? The case of developmental language disorder (DLD). Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 52 671–680. 10.1111/1460-6984.12335
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Adams C. V., Norbury C. F. (2006). Distinct genetic influences on grammar and phonological short-term memory deficits: evidence from 6-year-old twins. Genes Brain Behav. 5 158–169. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00148.x
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Bishop S. J., Bright P., James C., Delaney T., Miller S., et al. (1999a). Different etiological origin of auditory deficit and weak phonological short-term memory in children with specific language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J. Speech Hear. Lang. Res. 42 155–168. 10.1044/jslhr.4201.155
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Bishop S. J., Bright P., James C., Delaney T., Tallal P. (1999b). Different origin of auditory and phonological processing problems in children with language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 42 155–168.
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Carlyon R. P., Deeks J. M., Bishop S. J. (1999c). Auditory temporal processing impairment: neither necessary nor sufficient for causing language impairment in children. J. Speech Lang. Hear Res. 42:12951310.
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Norbury C. F. (2005). Executive functions in children with communication impairments, in relation to autistic symptomatology. Autism 9 7–27. 10.1177/1362361305049027
    1. Bishop D. V. M., North T., Donlan C. (1995). Genetic basis of specific language impairment: evidence from a twin study. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 37 56–71. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11932.x
    1. Bishop D. V. M., North T., Donlan C. (1996). Nonword repetition as a behavioural marker for inherited language impairment: evidence from a twin study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 37 391–403. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01420.x
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Snowling M. J. (2004). Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: same or different? Am. Psychol. Assoc. Psychol. Bull. 130 858–886. 10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.858
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Snowling M. J., Thompson P. A., Greenhalgh T. (2016). CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. identifying language impairments in children. PLoS One 11:e0158753. 10.1371/journal.pone.0158753
    1. Bishop D. V. M., Snowling M. J., Thompson P. A., Greenhalgh T. (2017). CATALISE: a multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development. Phase 2. Terminology. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 1–31. 10.7287/PEERJ.PREPRINTS.2484V1
    1. Briscoe J., Bishop D. V. M., Norbury C. F. (2001). Phonological processing, language, and literacy: a comparison of children with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss and those with specific language impairment. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Disciplines 42 329–340. 10.1111/1469-7610.00726
    1. Castellanos F. X., Sonuga-Barke E. J. S., Milham M. P., Tannock R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10 117–123. 10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011
    1. Cleave P., Rice M. L. (1997). An examination of the morpheme BE in children with specific language impairment: the role of contractibility and grammatical form class. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 40 480–492. 10.1044/jslhr.4003.480
    1. Conti-Ramsden G., Botting N. (1999). Classification of children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 42:1195 10.1044/jslhr.4205.1195
    1. Conti-Ramsden G., Botting N., Faragher B. (2001). Psycholinguistic markers for specific language impairment (SLI). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 42 741–748. 10.1111/1469-7610.00770
    1. Corbetta M., Shulman G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 201–215. 10.1038/nrn755
    1. Corriveau K., Pasquini E., Goswami U. (2007). Basic auditory processing skills and specific language impairment: a new look at an old hypothesis. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 50:647. 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/046)
    1. Dale P. S., Simonoff E., Bishop D. V. M., Eley T. C., Oliver B., Price T. S., et al. (1998). Genetic influence on language delay in two-year-old children. Nat. Neurosci. 1 324–328. 10.1038/1142
    1. Diamond A. (2013). Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64 135–168. 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
    1. Drigas A., Karyotaki M. (2017). Attentional control and other executive functions. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. 12 219–233. 10.3991/ijet.v12i03.6587
    1. Duinmeijer I., de Jong J., Scheper A. (2012). Narrative abilities, memory and attention in children with a specific language impairment. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 47 542–555. 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00164.x
    1. Ebert K. D., Kohnert K. (2011). Sustained attention in children with primary language impairment: a meta-analysis. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 54 1372–1384. 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0231)
    1. Eklund K., Torppa M., Sulkunen S., Niemi P., Ahonen T. (2018). Early cognitive predictors of PISA reading in children with and without family risk for dyslexia. Learn. Individ. Differ. 64 94–103. 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.012
    1. Endress A. D., Mehler J. (2009). The surprising power of statistical learning: when fragment knowledge leads to false memories of unheard words. J. Mem. Lang. 60 351–367. 10.1016/j.jml.2008.10.003
    1. Falcaro M., Pickles A., Newbury D. F., Addis L., Banfield E., Fisher S. E., et al. (2008). Genetic and phenotypic effects of phonological short-term memory and grammatical morphology in specific language impairment. Genes Brain Behav. 7 393–402. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00364.x
    1. Finneran D. A., Francis A. L., Leonard L. B. (2009). Sustained attention in children with specific language impairment (SLI). J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 52 915–929. 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0053
    1. Forrest C. L., Gibson J. L., Halligan S. L., St Clair M. C. (2018). A longitudinal analysis of early language difficulty and peer problems on later emotional difficulties in adolescence: evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study. Autism Dev. Lang. Impair. 3. 10.1177/2396941518795392
    1. Fortenbaugh F. C., Degutis J., Esterman M. (2017). Recent theoretical, neural, and clinical advances in sustained attention research. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1396 70–91. 10.1111/nyas.13318
    1. Friedman N. P., Miyake A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent-variable analysis. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133 101–135. 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101
    1. Gale A., Lynn R. (1972). A developmental study of attention. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 42 260–266. 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1972.tb00719.x
    1. Gathercole S. E., Baddeley A. D. (1990). Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: is there a causal connection? J. Mem. Lang. 29 336–360. 10.1016/0749-596X(90)90004-J
    1. Getzmann S., Näätänen R. (2015). The mismatch negativity as a measure of auditory stream segregation in a simulated “cocktail-party” scenario: effect of age. Neurobiol. Aging 36 3029–3037. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.017
    1. Geurts H. M., Embrechts M. (2008). Language profiles in ASD, SLI, and ADHD. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 38 1931–1943. 10.1007/s10803-008-0587-1
    1. Gomes H., Molholm S., Christodoulou C., Ritter W., Cowan N. (2000). The development of auditory attention in children. Front. Biosci. 5:D108–D120. 10.2741/Gomes
    1. Graham S. A., Fisher S. E. (2013). Decoding the genetics of speech and language. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23 43–51. 10.1016/j.conb.2012.11.006
    1. Green B. C., Johnson K. A., Bretherton L. (2014). Pragmatic language difficulties in children with hyperactivity and attention problems: an integrated review. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 49 15–29. 10.1111/1460-6984.12056
    1. Guenther F. H. (2016). Neural Control of Speech. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    1. Guenther F. H., Hickok G. (2015). Role of the auditory system in speech production. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 129 161–175. 10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00009-3
    1. Henry L. A., Messer D. J., Nash G. (2012). Executive functioning in children with specific language impairment. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 53 37–45. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02430.x
    1. Hill E. L. (2004). Executive dysfunction in autism?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8 26–32. 10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.003
    1. Hill P. R., Hogben J. H., Bishop D. V. M. (2005). Auditory frequency discrimination in children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 48:1136 10.1044/1092-4388(2005/080)
    1. Hustad K. C., Allison K., McFadd E., Riehle K. (2014). Speech and language development in 2-year-old children with cerebral palsy. Dev. Neurorehabil. 17 167–175. 10.3109/17518423.2012.747009
    1. Im-Bolter N., Johnson J., Pascual-Leone J. (2006). Processing Limitations in children with specific language impairment: the role of executive function. Child Dev. 77 1822–1841. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00976.x
    1. Johnston W. A., Dark V. J. (1986). Selective attention. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 37 43–75. 10.1146/annurev.ps.37.020186.000355
    1. Kapa L. L., Plante E. (2015). Executive function in sli: recent advances and future directions. Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep. 2 245–252. 10.1007/s40474-015-0050-x
    1. Kapalková S., Polišenská K., Vicenová Z. (2013). Non-word repetition performance in slovak-speaking children with and without sli: novel scoring methods. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 48 78–89. 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00189.x
    1. Kiernan B., Snow D., Swisher L., Vance R. (1997). Another Look at nonverbal rule induction in children with SLI. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 40:75. 10.1044/jslhr.4001.75
    1. Koolen S., Vissers C., Hendriks A. W. C. J., Egger J. I. M., Verhoeven L. (2012). The interplay between attentional strategies and language processing in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 42 805–814. 10.1007/s10803-011-1310-1
    1. Lammertink I., Boersma P., Wijnen F., Rispens J. E. (2017). Statistical learning in specific language impairment: a meta-analysis. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 60 3474–3486. 10.1044/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0439
    1. Langner R., Eickhoff S. B. (2013). Sustaining attention to simple tasks: a meta-analytic review of the neural mechanisms of vigilant attention. Psychol. Bull. 139 870–900. 10.1037/a0030694
    1. Laurence B., Karla K. (1981). Grammatical morphology and speech perception in children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Hear. Res. 35 1076–1086.
    1. Law J., Boyle J., Harris F., Harkness A., Nye C. (2000). Prevalence and natural history of primary speech and language delay: findings from a systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 35 165–188.
    1. Law J., Dennis J. A., Charlton J. J. (2017). Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and/or language disorders. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD012490 10.1002/14651858.CD012490
    1. Law J., Garrett Z., Nye C. (2003). Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and language delay or disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003:CD004110. 10.1002/14651858.CD004110
    1. Law J., Rush R., Anandan C., Cox M., Wood R. (2012). Predicting language change between 3 and 5 years and its implications for early identification. Pediatrics 130 e132–e137. 10.1542/peds.2011-1673
    1. Leonard L. B. (2008). Language learnability and specific language impairment in children. Appl. Psycholinguist. 10 179–202. 10.1017/S0142716400008511
    1. Leonard L. B., Eyer J. A., Bedore L. M., Grela B. G. (1997). Three accounts of the grammatical morpheme difficulties of English-speaking children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res.? 40 741–753. 10.1044/jslhr.4004.741
    1. Levina R. E. (1951). The Experience of Studing Non-Speaking Children (Diagnosed With alalia) [Opyt Izuchenija Negovoryashih Detej (Alalikov)]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo ministerstva prosveshenija,
    1. Lezak M. D., Howieson D. B., Loring D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, 4th Edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    1. Lum J. A. G., Bavin E. L. (2007). Analysis and control in children with SLI. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 50 1618–1630. 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/109)
    1. Lum J. A. G., Conti-Ramsden G., Page D., Ullman M. T. (2012). Working, declarative and procedural memory in specific language impairment. Cortex 48 1138–1154. 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.001
    1. Luria A. R. (1962). Higher Cortical Functions in Man and Their Impairment Caused by Local Brain Damage [Vysshije korkovyje funkzii cheloveka i ih narushnija pri lokal’nyh porazhenijah mozga]. Moscow: Moscow University Press.
    1. Luria A. R. (1966). Human Brain and Psychological Processes. Manhattan, NY: Harper.
    1. Lyytinen H., Erskine J., Hämäläinen J., Torppa M., Ronimus M. (2015). Dyslexia—early identification and prevention: highlights from the jyväskylä longitudinal study of dyslexia. Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep. 2 330–338. 10.1007/s40474-015-0067-1
    1. Marinis T. (2011). On the nature and cause of specific language impairment: a view from sentence processing and infant research. Lingua 121 463–475. 10.1016/j.lingua.2010.10.010
    1. Marrus N., Hall L. (2017). Intellectual Disability and language disorder. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 26 539–554. 10.1016/j.chc.2017.03.001
    1. Marton K. (2008). Visuo-spatial processing and executive functions in children with specific language impairment. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 43 181–200. 10.1080/16066350701340719
    1. Marton K., Kelmenson L., Pinkhasova M. (2007). Inhibition control and working memory capacity in children with SLI. Psikhologyah 50 110–121. 10.2117/psysoc.2007.110
    1. Marton K., Schwartz R. G. (2003). Working memory capacity and language processes in children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 46 1138–1153. 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/089)
    1. McCabe D. P., Roediger H. L., McDaniel M. A., Balota D. A., Hambrick D. Z. (2010). The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: evidence for a common executive attention construct. Neuropsychology 24 222–243. 10.1037/a0017619
    1. Mirsky A. F., Anthony B. J., Duncan C. C., Ahearn M. B., Kellam S. G. (1991). Analysis of the elements of attention: a neuropsychological approach. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2 109–145. 10.1007/BF01109051
    1. Miyake A., Friedman N. P., Emerson M. J., Witzki A. H., Howerter A., Wager T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognit. Psychol. 41 49–100. 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
    1. Moeller M. P., McCleary E., Putman C., Tyler-Krings A., Hoover B., Stelmachowicz P. (2010). Longitudinal development of phonology and morphology in children with late-identified mild-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear. 31 625–635. 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181df5cc2
    1. Montgomery J. W., Magimairaj B. M., Finney M. C. (2010). Working memory and specific language impairment: an update on the relation and perspectives on assessment and treatment. Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 19 78–94. 10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028)
    1. Moray N. (1959). Attention in dichotic listening: affective cues and the influence of instructions. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 11 56–60. 10.1080/17470215908416289
    1. Najdowski A. C., Persicke A., Kung E. (2014). “Executive Functions,” in Evidence-Based Treatment for Children with Autism, eds Granpeesheh D., Tarbox J., Najdowski A. C., Kornack J. (Amsterdam: Elsevier; ), 355–387. 10.1016/B978-0-12-411603-0.00018-5
    1. Parsons S., Mitchell P. (2002). The potential of virtual reality in social skills training for people with autistic spectrum disorders. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 46(Pt 5), 430–443. 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00425.x
    1. Paul R. (1996). Clinical implications of the natural history of slow expressive language development. Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 5 5–21. 10.1044/1058-0360.0502.05
    1. Pauls L. J., Archibald L. M. D. (2016). Executive functions in children with specific language impairment: a meta-analysis. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 59 1074–1086. 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0174
    1. Petersen S. E., Posner M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35 73–89. 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525
    1. Posner M. I. (2012). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
    1. Posner M. I., Petersen S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 13 25–42. 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325
    1. Posner M. I., Sheese B. E., Odludaş Y., Tang Y. (2006). Analyzing and shaping human attentional networks. Neural Netw. 19 1422–1429. 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.08.004
    1. Rakhlin N., Cardoso-Martins C., Kornilov S. A., Grigorenko E. L. (2013). Spelling well despite developmental language disorder: what makes it possible? Ann. Dyslexia 63 253–273. 10.1007/s11881-013-0084-x
    1. Reilly S., Tomblin B., Law J., McKean C., Mensah F. K., Morgan A., et al. (2014). Specific language impairment: a convenient label for whom? Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 49 416–451. 10.1111/1460-6984.12102
    1. Rescorla L., Dahlsgaard K., Roberts J. (2000). Late-talking toddlers: MLU and IPSyn outcomes at 3;0 and 4;0. J. Child Lang. 27:S0305000900004232. 10.1017/S0305000900004232
    1. Rice M. L. (2013). Language growth and genetics of specific language impairment. Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 15 223–233. 10.3109/17549507.2013.783113
    1. Rice M. L., Redmond S. M., Hoffman L. (2006). Mean length of utterance in children with sli and younger controls shows concurrent validity and stable and parallel growth trajectories. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 49 793–809. 10.1044/1092-4388(2006/056)
    1. Rice M. L., Tomblin J. B., Hoffman L., Richman W. A., Marquis J. (2004). Grammatical tense deficits in children with SLI and nonspecific language impairment: relationships with nonverbal IQ over time. J. Speech. Lang. Hear. Res. 47 816–834. 10.1044/1092-4388(2004/061)
    1. Rice M. L., Wexler K. (1996). Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in english-speaking children. J. Speech Hear. Res. 39 1239–1257. 10.1044/jshr.3906.1239
    1. Rice M. L., Wexler K. (2001). Test of Early Grammatical Impairment. Available at:
    1. Richards S., Goswami U. (2015). Auditory processing in specific language impairment (SLI): relations with the perception of lexical and phrasal stress. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 58 1292–1305. 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-L-13-0306
    1. Romberg A. R., Saffran J. R. (2010). Statistical learning and language acquisition. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci. 1 906–914. 10.1002/wcs.78
    1. Rothweiler M., Chilla S., Clahsen H. (2012). Subject–verb agreement in specific language impairment: a study of monolingual and bilingual german-speaking children. Biling. Lang. Cogn. 15 39–57. 10.1017/S136672891100037X
    1. Rueda M. R., Fan J., McCandliss B. D., Halparin J. D., Gruber D. B., Lercari L. P., et al. (2004). Development of attentional networks in childhood. Neuropsychologia 42 1029–1040. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012
    1. Ruff H. A., Rothbart M. K. (1996). Attention in Early Development: Themes and Variations. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    1. Saffran J. R., Aslin R. N., Newport E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science 274 1926–1928. 10.1126/science.274.5294.1926
    1. Shinn-Cunningham B. G. (2008). Object-based auditory and visual attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12 182–186. 10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.003
    1. Siegelman N., Bogaerts L., Frost R. (2016). Measuring individual differences in statistical learning: current pitfalls and possible solutions. Behav. Res. Methods 49 418–432. 10.3758/s13428-016-0719-z
    1. Smith-Lock K., Leitão S., Lambert L., Prior P., Dunn A., Cronje J., et al. (2013). Daily or weekly? The role of treatment frequency in the effectiveness of grammar treatment for children with specific language impairment. Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 15 255–267. 10.3109/17549507.2013.777851
    1. Sohlberg M. M., Mateer C. A. (1989). Introduction to Cognitive Rehabilitation: Theory and Practice, 1st Edn. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
    1. Spaulding T. J. (2008). Sustained selective attention skills of preschool children with specific language impairment?: evidence for separate attentional capacities. Hear. Res. 51 16–34. 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/002)
    1. St Clair M. C., Pickles A., Durkin K., Conti-Ramsden G. (2011). A longitudinal study of behavioral, emotional and social difficulties in individuals with a history of specific language impairment (SLI). J. Commun. Disord. 44 186–199. 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.09.004
    1. Stavrakaki S. (2006). Developmental perspectives on specific language impairment: evidence from the production of wh-questions by greek SLI children over time. Adv. Speech Lang. Pathol. 8 384–396. 10.1080/14417040600880714
    1. Stevens C., Sanders L., Neville H. (2006). Neurophysiological evidence for selective auditory attention deficits in children with specific language impairment. Brain Res. 1111 143–152. 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.114
    1. Strong G. K., Torgerson C. J., Torgerson D., Hulme C. (2011). A systematic meta-analytic review of evidence for the effectiveness of the ‘Fast ForWord’ language intervention program. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 52 224–235. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02329.x
    1. Styles E. A. (2006). The Psychology of Attention, 2nd Edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 10.4324/9780203968215
    1. Suades-González E., Forns J., García-Esteban R., López-Vicente M., Esnaola M., álvarez-Pedrerol M., et al. (2017). A longitudinal study on attention development in primary school children with and without teacher-reported symptoms of ADHD. Front. Psychol. 8:655. 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00655
    1. Swanson H. L. (1983). A developmental study of vigilance in learning-disabled and nondisabled children. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 11 415–429. 10.1007/BF00914249
    1. Tallal P. (1980). Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain Lang. 9 182–198. 10.1016/0093-934X(80)90139-X
    1. Tallal P., Miller S. L., Bedi G., Byma G., Wang X., Nagarajan S. S., et al. (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science 271 81–84. 10.1126/science.271.5245.81
    1. Tallal P., Piercy M. (1973). Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. Nature 241 468–469. 10.1038/241468a0
    1. Tallal P., Stark R. E., Mellits E. D. (1985). Identification of language-impaired children on the basis of rapid perception and production skills. Brain Lang. 25 314–322. 10.1016/0093-934X(85)90087-2
    1. Tangney J. P., Baumeister R. F., Boone A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J. Personal. 72 271–324. 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
    1. Thillay A., Roux S., Gissot V., Carteau-Martin I., Knight R. T., Bonnet-Brilhault F., et al. (2015). Sustained attention and prediction: distinct brain maturation trajectories during adolescence. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9:519. 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00519
    1. Tomas E., Demuth K., Petocz P. (2017). The role of frequency in learning morphophonological alternations: implications for children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 60 1316–1329. 10.1044/2016_JSLHR-L-16-0138
    1. Tomblin J. B., Buckwalter P. R. (1998). Heritability of poor language achievement among twins. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 41 188–199. 10.1044/jslhr.4101.188
    1. Tomblin J. B., Records N. L., Buckwalter P., Zhang X., Smith E., O’Brien M. (1997a). Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 40 1245–1260. 10.1044/jslhr.4006.1245
    1. Tomblin J. B., Smith E., Zhang X. (1997b). Epidemiology of specific language impairment: prenatal and perinatal risk factors. J. Commun. Disord. 30 325–343.
    1. Turk-Browne N. B., Jungé J. A., Scholl B. J. (2005). The automaticity of visual statistical learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 134 552–564. 10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.552
    1. Ukoumunne O. C., Gulliford M. C., Chinn S., Sterne J. A., Burney P. G. (1999). Methods for Evaluating Area-Wide and Organisation-Based Interventions in Health and Health Care: A Systematic Review. Winchester: Health Technology Assessment.
    1. van der Lely H. K. J. (2005). Domain-specific cognitive systems: insight from Grammatical-SLI. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9 53–59. 10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.002
    1. Vandewalle E., Boets B., Ghesquière P., Zink I. (2012). Auditory processing and speech perception in children with specific language impairment: relations with oral language and literacy skills. Res. Dev. Disabil. 33 635–644. 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.005
    1. Victorino K. R., Schwartz R. G. (2015). Control of auditory attention in children with specific language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 58 1245–1257. 10.1044/2015_JSLHR-L-14-0181
    1. Vissers C., Hermans D. (2018). “Social-emotional problems in DHH children from an executive and theory of mind perspective,” in The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies in Language, eds Knoors H., Marschark M. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press; ).
    1. Vissers C., Koolen S. (2016). Theory of mind deficits and social emotional functioning in preschoolers with specific language impairment. Front. Psychol. 7:1734. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01734
    1. Vissers C., Koolen S., Hermans D., Scheper A., Knoors H. (2015). Executive functioning in preschoolers with specific language impairment. Front. Psychol. 6:1574. 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01574
    1. Vugs B., Cuperus J., Hendriks M., Verhoeven L. (2013). Visuospatial working memory in specific language impairment: a meta-analysis. Res. Dev. Disabil. 34 2586–2597. 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.014
    1. Vygotsky L. S. (1934). Myshlenije i Rech’ [Thought and Language]. Moscow-Leningrad: Sotsekgiz.
    1. Warren S. F., Fey M. E., Yoder P. J. (2007). Differential treatment intensity research: a missing link to creating optimally effective communication interventions. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 13 70–77. 10.1002/mrdd.20139
    1. Whitehurst G. J., Fischel J. E. (1994). Practitioner review: early developmental language delay: what. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 35 613–648. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01210.x
    1. Wood N., Cowan N. (1995). The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: how frequent are attention shifts to one’s name in an irrelevant auditory channel? J. Exp. Psychol. Lear. Mem. Cogn. 21 255–260. 10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.255
    1. Wright B. A., Bowen R. W., Zecker S. G. (2000). Nonlinguistic perceptual deficits associated with reading and language disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10 482–486. 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00119-7
    1. Wright B. A., Lombardino L. J., King W. M., Puranik C. S., Leonard C. M., Merzenich M. M. (1997). Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children. Nature 387 176–178. 10.1038/387176a0
    1. Yoder P. J., McDuffie A. (2002). “Treatment of primary language disorders in early childhood: evidence of efficacy,” in Disorders of Language Development, eds Accardo P., Rogers B., Capute A. (Baltimore: York Press; ), 151–177.
    1. Zeng B., Law J., Lindsay G. (2012). Characterizing optimal intervention intensity: the relationship between dosage and effect size in interventions for children with developmental speech and language difficulties. Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 14 471–477. 10.3109/17549507.2012.720281
    1. Ziegler J. C., Pech-Georgel C., George F., Alario F.-X., Lorenzi C. (2005). Deficits in speech perception predict language learning impairment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 14110–14115. 10.1073/pnas.0504446102
    1. Ziegler J. C., Pech-Georgel C., George F., Lorenzi C. (2011). Noise on, voicing off: speech perception deficits in children with specific language impairment. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 110 362–372. 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.05.001
    1. Zwart F. S., Vissers C., Kessels R. P. C., Maes J. H. R. (2017). Procedural learning across the lifespan: a systematic review with implications for atypical development. J. Neuropsychol. 10.1111/jnp.12139 [Epub ahead of print].
    1. Zwart F. S., Vissers C., Kessels R. P. C., Maes J. H. R. (2018). Implicit learning seems to come naturally for children with autism, but not for children with specific language impairment: evidence from behavioral and ERP data. Autism Res. 11 1050–1061. 10.1002/aur.1954

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe