On the prevalence of racial discrimination in the United States

Randy T Lee, Amanda D Perez, C Malik Boykin, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, Randy T Lee, Amanda D Perez, C Malik Boykin, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton

Abstract

Boutwell, Nedelec, Winegard, Shackelford, Beaver, Vaughn, Barnes, & Wright (2017) published an article in this journal that interprets data from the Add Health dataset as showing that only one-quarter of individuals in the United States experience discrimination. In Study 1, we attempted to replicate Boutwell et al.'s findings using a more direct measure of discrimination. Using data from the Pew Research Center, we examined a large sample of American respondents (N = 3,716) and explored the prevalence of discrimination experiences among various racial groups. Our findings stand in contrast to Boutwell et al.'s estimates, revealing that between 50% and 75% of Black, Hispanic, and Asian respondents (depending on the group and analytic approach) reported discriminatory treatment. In Study 2, we explored whether question framing affected how participants responded to Boutwell's question about experiencing less respect and courtesy. Regardless of question framing, non-White participants reported more experiences than White participants. Further, there was an interaction of participant race and question framing such that when participants were asked about experiences of less respect or courtesy broadly, there were no differences between non-White participants and White participants, but when they were asked about experiences that were specifically race-based, non-White participants reported more experiences than White participants. The current research provides a counterweight to the claim that discrimination is not a prevalent feature of the lives of minority groups and the serious implications this claim poses for research and public policy.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Experiences based on “Less Respect”,…
Fig 1. Experiences based on “Less Respect”, “Any Type of Discrimination”, and “Race-Based Discrimination”.
Note: non-White includes Black, Asian, Hispanic, and other non-White participants collapsed into one group.

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