Macular Ganglion Cell Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Glaucomatous Eyes with Localized Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects

Chunwei Zhang, Andrew J Tatham, Ricardo Y Abe, Na'ama Hammel, Akram Belghith, Robert N Weinreb, Felipe A Medeiros, Jeffrey M Liebmann, Christopher A Girkin, Linda M Zangwill, Chunwei Zhang, Andrew J Tatham, Ricardo Y Abe, Na'ama Hammel, Akram Belghith, Robert N Weinreb, Felipe A Medeiros, Jeffrey M Liebmann, Christopher A Girkin, Linda M Zangwill

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness in glaucomatous eyes with visible localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects on stereophotographs.

Methods: 112 healthy and 149 glaucomatous eyes from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) subjects had standard automated perimetry (SAP), optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the macula and optic nerve head, and stereoscopic optic disc photography. Masked observers identified localized RNFL defects by grading of stereophotographs.

Result: 47 eyes had visible localized RNFL defects on stereophotographs. Eyes with visible localized RNFL defects had significantly thinner mGCIPL thickness compared to healthy eyes (68.3 ± 11.4 μm versus 79.2 ± 6.6 μm respectively, P<0.001) and similar mGCIPL thickness to glaucomatous eyes without localized RNFL defects (68.6 ± 11.2 μm, P = 1.000). The average mGCIPL thickness in eyes with RNFL defects was 14% less than similarly aged healthy controls. For 29 eyes with a visible RNFL defect in just one hemiretina (superior or inferior) mGCIPL was thinnest in the same hemiretina in 26 eyes (90%). Eyes with inferior-temporal RNFL defects also had significantly thinner inferior-temporal mGCIPL (P<0.001) and inferior mGCIPL (P = 0.030) compared to glaucomatous eyes without a visible RNFL defect.

Conclusion: The current study indicates that presence of a localized RNFL defect is likely to indicate significant macular damage, particularly in the region of the macular that topographically corresponds to the location of the RNFL defect.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have the following interests. CZ – none; AJT – research support from Heidelberg Engineering; RYA – none; NH – none; RNW – F: Aerie, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Genentech, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Neurovision, Optovue, Topcon; C: Alcon, Allergan, Bausch & Lomb, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Topcon; FAM – F: Alcon Laboratories, Bausch & Lomb, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Merck, Allergan, Sensimed, Topcon, Reichert, National Eye Institute, R: Alcon Laboratories, Allergan, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Reichert, C: Allergan, Carl-Zeiss Meditec, Novartis; AB– none; LMZ – F: Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Optovue Inc., Topcon Medical Systems Inc. Quark. P; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc. For this study grants for participants’ glaucoma medications came from Alcon, Allergan, Pfizer, Merck and Santen. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Figures

Fig 1. Bar graph of the distribution…
Fig 1. Bar graph of the distribution of eyes with visible localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects on optic disc stereophotography by clock-hour.
Fig 2. Pie charts showing the regional…
Fig 2. Pie charts showing the regional distribution of macular ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness (A), estimated percentage loss of mGCIPL thickness (B) and estimated percentage loss of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness (C) in 112 healthy eyes, 102 glaucomatous eyes without visible retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects (Glaucoma 1) and 44 glaucomatous eyes with a visible inferior -temporal RNFL defect (Glaucoma 2).
Fig 3. Example of a glaucomatous eye…
Fig 3. Example of a glaucomatous eye with a localized retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect at 6 and 7 o’clock (arrows) visible on photography and optical coherence tomography RNFL deviation and thickness maps (A). There is corresponding localized inferior-temporal macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thinning (B) and a paracentral defect visible on standard automated perimetry (SAP). The average percentage estimated mGCIPL loss for this patient was 6.5%, with a 17.9% estimated loss in the inferior-temporal mGCIPL sector.

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