Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: A Narrative Review

Catherine M Phillips, Ling-Wei Chen, Barbara Heude, Jonathan Y Bernard, Nicholas C Harvey, Liesbeth Duijts, Sara M Mensink-Bout, Kinga Polanska, Giulia Mancano, Matthew Suderman, Nitin Shivappa, James R Hébert, Catherine M Phillips, Ling-Wei Chen, Barbara Heude, Jonathan Y Bernard, Nicholas C Harvey, Liesbeth Duijts, Sara M Mensink-Bout, Kinga Polanska, Giulia Mancano, Matthew Suderman, Nitin Shivappa, James R Hébert

Abstract

There are over 1,000,000 publications on diet and health and over 480,000 references on inflammation in the National Library of Medicine database. In addition, there have now been over 30,000 peer-reviewed articles published on the relationship between diet, inflammation, and health outcomes. Based on this voluminous literature, it is now recognized that low-grade, chronic systemic inflammation is associated with most non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as impaired neurodevelopment and adverse mental health outcomes. Dietary components modulate inflammatory status. In recent years, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), a literature-derived dietary index, was developed to characterize the inflammatory potential of habitual diet. Subsequently, a large and rapidly growing body of research investigating associations between dietary inflammatory potential, determined by the DII, and risk of a wide range of NCDs has emerged. In this narrative review, we examine the current state of the science regarding relationships between the DII and cancer, cardiometabolic, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases, neurodevelopment, and adverse mental health outcomes. We synthesize the findings from recent studies, discuss potential underlying mechanisms, and look to the future regarding novel applications of the adult and children's DII (C-DII) scores and new avenues of investigation in this field of nutritional research.

Keywords: bone health; cancer; cardiometabolic health; dietary inflammatory index; inflammation; mental health; metabolic syndrome; neurodevelopment; obesity; respiratory health.

Conflict of interest statement

James R. Hébert owns controlling interest in Connecting Health Innovations LLC (CHI), a company that has licensed the right to his invention of the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) from the University of South Carolina in order to develop computer and smart phone applications for patient counseling and dietary intervention in clinical settings. Nitin Shivappa is an employee of CHI.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sequence of steps in creating the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®).

References

    1. GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1151–1210. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9.
    1. Bennett J.M., Reeves G., Billman G.E., Sturmberg J.P. Inflammation-Nature’s Way to Efficiently Respond to All Types of Challenges: Implications for Understanding and Managing “the Epidemic” of Chronic Diseases. Front. Med. 2018;5:316. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00316.
    1. Calder P.C., Bosco N., Bourdet-Sicard R., Capuron L., Delzenne N., Doré J., Franceschi C., Lehtinen M.J., Recker T., Salvioli S., et al. Health relevance of the modification of low grade inflammation in ageing (inflammageing) and the role of nutrition. Ageing Res. Rev. 2017;40:95–119. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001.
    1. Hotamisligil G.S. Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders. Nature. 2017;542:177–185. doi: 10.1038/nature21363.
    1. Micha R., Kalantarian S., Wirojratana P., Byers T., Danaei G., Elmadfa I., Ding E., Giovannucci E., Powles J., Smith-Warner S., et al. Estimating the global and regional burden of suboptimal nutrition on chronic disease: Methods and inputs to the analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012;66:119–129. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.147.
    1. Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J. Current evidence on healthy eating. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 2013;34:77–95. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124646.
    1. Garcia-Arellano A., Martinez-Gonzalez M.A., Ramallal R., Salas-Salvadó J., Hebert J.R., Corella D., Shivappa N., Forga L., Muñoz-Bravo C., Estruch R., et al. Dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in large cohorts: The SUN and PREDIMED studies. Clin. Nutr. 2019;38:1221–1231. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.05.003.
    1. Mazidi M., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hebert J.R., Mikhailidis D.P., Kengne A.P., Banach M. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiometabolic risk in US adults. Atherosclerosis. 2018;276:23–27. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.020.
    1. Park S.-Y., Kang M., Wilkens L.R., Shvetsov Y.B., Harmon B.E., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hébert J.R., Haiman C.A., Le Marchand L., et al. The Dietary Inflammatory Index and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018;10:1844. doi: 10.3390/nu10121844.
    1. Shivappa N., Godos J., Hébert J.R., Wirth M.D., Piuri G., Speciani A.F., Grosso G. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Colorectal Cancer Risk—A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9:1043. doi: 10.3390/nu9091043.
    1. Shivappa N., Godos J., Hébert J.R., Wirth M.D., Piuri G., Speciani A.F., Grosso G. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality—A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10:200. doi: 10.3390/nu10020200.
    1. Shivappa N., Schneider A., Hebert J.R., Koenig W., Peters A., Thorand B. Association between dietary inflammatory index, and cause-specific mortality in the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. Eur. J. Public Health. 2018;28:167–172. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx060.
    1. Imamura F., Micha R., Khatibzadeh S., Fahimi S., Shi P., Powles J., Mozaffarian D. Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: A systematic assessment. Lancet Glob. Health. 2015;3:e132–e142. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70381-X.
    1. Minihane A.M., Vinoy S., Russell W.R., Baka A., Roche H.M., Tuohy K.M., Teeling J.L., Blaak E.E., Fenech M., Vauzour D., et al. Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: Current research evidence and its translation. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;114:999–1012. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515002093.
    1. Hebert J.R., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hussey J.R., Hurley T.G. Perspective: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)-Lessons Learned, Improvements Made, and Future Directions. Adv. Nutr. 2019;10:185–195. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy071.
    1. Tyson C.C., Nwankwo C., Lin P.-H., Svetkey L.P. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Eating Pattern in Special Populations. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2012;14:388–396. doi: 10.1007/s11906-012-0296-1.
    1. Heroux M., Janssen I., Lam M., Lee D.-C., Hebert J.R., Sui X., Blair S.N. Dietary patterns and the risk of mortality: Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2010;39:197–209. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp191.
    1. Wirth M.D., Hebert J.R., Shivappa N., Hand G.A., Hurley T.G., Drenowatz C., McMahon D., Shook R.P., Blair S.N. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Inflammatory Index scores are associated with healthier scores on other dietary indices. Nutr. Res. 2016;36:214–219. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.009.
    1. Dugué P.-A., Hodge A.M., Brinkman M.T., Bassett J.K., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Hopper J.L., English D.R., Milne R.L., Giles G.G. Association between selected dietary scores and the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma: A prospective cohort study. Int. J. Cancer. 2016;139:1251–1260. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30175.
    1. Van Horn L., Appel L.J. Did the PREDIMED Trial Test a Mediterranean Diet? N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;368:1353–1354.
    1. Buckland G., Travier N., Cottet V., Gonzalez C.A., Lujan-Barroso L., Agudo A., Trichopoulou A., Lagiou P., Trichopoulos D., Peeters P.H., et al. Adherence to the mediterranean diet and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort study. Int. J. Cancer. 2013;132:2918–2927. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27958.
    1. Viscogliosi G., Cipriani E., Liguori M.L., Marigliano B., Saliola M., Ettorre E., Andreozzi P. Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Adherence: Associations with Prediabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Related Microinflammation. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2013;11:210–216. doi: 10.1089/met.2012.0168.
    1. Tseng M., Vierkant R.A., Kushi L.H., Sellers T.A., Vachon C.M. Dietary patterns and breast density in the Minnesota Breast Cancer Family Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19:481–489. doi: 10.1007/s10552-008-9109-x.
    1. Lucas M., Chocano-Bedoya P., Schulze M.B., Mirzaei F., O’Reilly E.J., Okereke O.I., Hu F.B., Willett W.C., Ascherio A. Inflammatory dietary pattern and risk of depression among women. Brain Behav. Immun. 2014;36:46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.014.
    1. Tabung F.K., Smith-Warner S.A., Chavarro J.E., Wu K., Fuchs C.S., Hu F.B., Chan A.T., Willett W.C., Giovannucci E.L. Development and Validation of an Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index. J. Nutr. 2016;146:1560–1570. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.228718.
    1. Cavicchia P.P., Steck S.E., Hurley T.G., Hussey J.R., Ma Y., Ockene I.S., Hébert J.R. A New Dietary Inflammatory Index Predicts Interval Changes in Serum High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein. J. Nutr. 2009;139:2365–2372. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.114025.
    1. Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Hurley T.G., Hussey J.R., Hebert J.R. Designing and developing a literature-derived population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:1689–1696. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013002115.
    1. Hebert J.R., Ockene I.S., Hurley T.G., Luippold R., Well A.D., Harmatz M.G. Development and testing of a seven-day dietary recall. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1997;50:925–937. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00098-X.
    1. Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Hurley T.G., Hussey J.R., Ma Y., Ockene I.S., Tabung F., Hébert J.R. A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of c-reactive protein (CRP) in the SEASONS Study. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:1825–1833. doi: 10.1017/S1368980013002565.
    1. Wirth M.D., Burch J., Shivappa N., Violanti J.M., Burchfiel C.M., Fekedulegn D., Andrew M.E., Hartley T.A., Miller D.B., Mnatsakanova A., et al. Association of a Dietary Inflammatory Index with Inflammatory Indices and the Metabolic Syndrome among Police Officers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2014;56:986–989. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000213.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Rietzschel E.R., De Buyzere M.L., Langlois M., Debruyne E., Marcos A., Huybrechts I. Associations between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the Asklepios Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;113:665–671. doi: 10.1017/S000711451400395X.
    1. Tabung F.K., Steck S.E., Zhang J., Ma Y., Liese A.D., Agalliu I., Hingle M., Hou L., Hurley T.G., Jiao L., et al. Construct Validation of the Dietary Inflammatory Index among Postmenopausal Women. Ann. Epidemiol. 2015;25:398–405. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.009.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Marcos A., Diaz L.-E., Gomez S., Nova E., Michels N., Arouca A., González-Gil E., Frederic G., et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017;61:1600707. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600707.
    1. Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hurley T.G., Hebert J.R. Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and telomere length and C-reactive protein from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2016;61 doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600630.
    1. Julia C., Assmann K.E., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Wirth M.D., Hercberg S., Touvier M., Kesse-Guyot E. Long-term associations between inflammatory dietary scores in relation to long-term C-reactive protein status measured 12 years later: Findings from the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) cohort. Br. J. Nutr. 2017;117:306–314. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000034.
    1. Vahid F., Shivappa N., Hekmatdoost A., Hebert J.R., Davoodi S.H., Sadeghi M. Association between Maternal Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and abortion in Iranian women and validation of DII with serum concentration of inflammatory factors: Case-control study. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2017;42:511–516. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0274.
    1. Wirth M.D., Shivappa N., Davis L., Hurley T.G., Ortaglia A., Drayton R., Blair S.N., Hébert J.R. Construct validation of the Dietary Inflammatory Index among African Americans. J. Nutr. Health Aging. 2017;21:487–491. doi: 10.1007/s12603-016-0775-1.
    1. Vahid F., Shivappa N., Faghfoori Z., Khodabakhshi A., Zayeri F., Hebert J.R., Davoodi S.H. Validation of a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Association with Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2018;19:1471–1477.
    1. Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Murphy E.A., Hurley T.G., Hebert J.R. Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and urinary enterolignans and C-reactive protein from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018;58:797–805. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1690-5.
    1. Bodén S., Wennberg M., Van Guelpen B., Johansson I., Lindahl B., Andersson J., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Nilsson L.M. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of first myocardial infarction; A prospective population-based study. Nutr. J. 2017;16:800. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0243-8.
    1. Phillips C.M., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Perry I.J. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Biomarkers of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Inflammation and Glucose Homeostasis in Adults. Nutrients. 2018;10:1033. doi: 10.3390/nu10081033.
    1. Tabung F.K., Steck S.E., Ma Y., Liese A.D., Zhang J., Caan B., Hou L., Johnson K.C., Mossavar-Rahmani Y., Shivappa N., et al. The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of colorectal cancer among postmenopausal women: Results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:399–408. doi: 10.1007/s10552-014-0515-y.
    1. Kizil M., Tengilimoglu-Metin M.M., Gumus D., Sevim S., Turkoglu I., Mandiroglu F. Dietary inflammatory index is associated with serum C-reactive protein and protein energy wasting in hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional study. Nutr. Res. Pract. 2016;10:404–410. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.4.404.
    1. Kotemori A., Sawada N., Iwasaki M., Yamaji T., Shivappa N., Hebert J. Association between dietary inflammatory index and high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels in cancer screening in Japanese. Rev. D’Epidemiol. St. Publique. 2018;66:S347. doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2018.05.299.
    1. Shin D., Lee K.W., Brann L., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R. Dietary inflammatory index is positively associated with serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in a Korean adult population. Nutrition. 2018;63–64:155–161. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.016.
    1. Mirmajidi S., Izadi A., Saghafi-Asl M., Vahid F., Karamzad N., Amiri P., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R. Inflammatory Potential of Diet: Association With Chemerin, Omentin, Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein, and Insulin Resistance in the Apparently Healthy Obese. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2019;38:302–310. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1504348.
    1. Wirth M.D., Sevoyan M., Hofseth L., Shivappa N., Hurley T.G., Hébert J.R. The Dietary Inflammatory Index is associated with elevated white blood cell counts in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Brain Behav. Immun. 2018;69:296–303. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.003.
    1. Shivappa N., Bonaccio M., Hebert J.R., Di Castelnuovo A., Costanzo S., Ruggiero E., Pounis G., Donati M.B., de Gaetano G., Iacoviello L., et al. Association of proinflammatory diet with low-grade inflammation: Results from the Moli-sani study. Nutrition. 2018;54:182–188. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.04.004.
    1. Khan S., Wirth M.D., Ortaglia A., Alvarado C.R., Shivappa N., Hurley T.G., Hebert J.R. Design, Development and Construct Validation of the Children’s Dietary Inflammatory Index. Nutrients. 2018;10:993. doi: 10.3390/nu10080993.
    1. Balkwill F., Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: Back to Virchow? Lancet. 2001;357:539–545. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0.
    1. Li D., Hao X., Li J., Wu Z., Chen S., Lin J., Li X., Dong Y., Na Z., Zhang Y., et al. Dose-response relation between dietary inflammatory index and human cancer risk: Evidence from 44 epidemiologic studies involving 1,082,092 participants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018;107:371–388. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx064.
    1. Lu D.-L., Ren Z.-J., Zhang Q., Ren P.-W., Yang B., Liu L.-R., Dong Q. Meta-analysis of the association between the inflammatory potential of diet and urologic cancer risk. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0204845. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204845.
    1. Wang L., Liu C., Zhou C., Zhuang J., Tang S., Yu J., Tian J., Feng F., Liu L., Zhang T., et al. Meta-analysis of the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and breast cancer risk. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018;73:509–517. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0196-9.
    1. Liu Z.-Y., Gao X.-P., Zhu S., Liu Y.-H., Wang L.-J., Jing C.-X., Zeng F.-F. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of gynecological cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Gynecol. Oncol. 2019;30:e23. doi: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e23.
    1. Sawa T., Ohshima H. Nitrative DNA damage in inflammation and its possible role in carcinogenesis. Nitric Oxide. 2006;14:91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.06.005.
    1. Sohn J.J., Schetter A.J., Yfantis H.G., Ridnour L.A., Horikawa I., Khan M.A., Robles A.I., Hussain S.P., Goto A., Bowman E.D., et al. Macrophages, Nitric Oxide and microRNAs Are Associated with DNA Damage Response Pathway and Senescence in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e44156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044156.
    1. Ohnishi S., Ma N., Thanan R., Pinlaor S., Hammam O., Murata M., Kawanishi S. DNA Damage in Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis and Cancer Stem Cells. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2013;2013:1–9. doi: 10.1155/2013/387014.
    1. Brouwer J.G., Makama M., Van Woudenbergh G.J., Vasen H.F., Nagengast F.M., Kleibeuker J.H., Kampman E., Van Duijnhoven F.J. Inflammatory potential of the diet and colorectal tumor risk in persons with Lynch syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017;106:ajcn152900. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152900.
    1. Murata M. Inflammation and cancer. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2018;23:50. doi: 10.1186/s12199-018-0740-1.
    1. Kawanishi S., Hiraku Y., Pinlaor S., Ma N. Oxidative and nitrative DNA damage in animals and patients with inflammatory diseases in relation to inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Boil. Chem. 2006;387:365–372. doi: 10.1515/BC.2006.049.
    1. Hussain S.P., Hofseth L.J., Harris C.C. Radical causes of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2003;3:276–285. doi: 10.1038/nrc1046.
    1. Philip M., Rowley D.A., Schreiber H. Inflammation as a tumor promoter in cancer induction. Semin. Cancer Boil. 2004;14:433–439. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.006.
    1. Mann J.R., Backlund M.G., DuBois R.N. Mechanisms of disease: Inflammatory mediators and cancer prevention. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2005;2:202–210. doi: 10.1038/ncponc0140.
    1. Pan M.-H., Lai C.-S., Dushenkov S., Ho C.-T., Dushenkov V. Modulation of Inflammatory Genes by Natural Dietary Bioactive Compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009;57:4467–4477. doi: 10.1021/jf900612n.
    1. Guffey C.R., Fan D., Singh U.P., Murphy E.A. Linking obesity to colorectal cancer: Recent insights into plausible biological mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 2013;16:595–600. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328362d10b.
    1. Zhang M., Zhou S., Zhang L., Ye W., Wen Q., Wang J. Role of cancer-related inflammation in esophageal cancer. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 2013;23:27–35. doi: 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.2013006033.
    1. Sugase T., Takahashi T., Serada S., Nakatsuka R., Fujimoto M., Ohkawara T., Hara H., Nishigaki T., Tanaka K., Miyazaki Y., et al. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 gene therapy induces potent antitumor effect in patient-derived esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenograft mice. Int. J. Cancer. 2017;140:2608–2621. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30666.
    1. Mohseni R., Abbasi S., Mohseni F., Rahimi F., Alizadeh S. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr. Cancer. 2018;71:359–366. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1516787.
    1. Moradi S., Issah A., Mohammadi H., Mirzaei K. Associations between dietary inflammatory index and incidence of breast and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;56:168–178. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.04.018.
    1. Namazi N., Larijani B., Azadbakht L. Association between the dietary inflammatory index and the incidence of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health. 2018;164:148–156. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.04.015.
    1. Rhodes J.M., Campbell B.J. Inflammation and colorectal cancer: IBD-associated and sporadic cancer compared. Trends Mol. Med. 2002;8:10–16. doi: 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02194-3.
    1. Toriola A.T., Cheng T.Y., Neuhouser M.L., Wener M.H., Zheng Y., Brown E., Miller J.W., Song X., Beresford S.A., Gunter M.J., et al. Biomarkers of inflammation are associated with colorectal cancer risk in women but are not suitable as early detection markers. Int. J. Cancer. 2013;132:2648–2658. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27942.
    1. Dubois R.N. Role of Inflammation and Inflammatory Mediators in Colorectal Cancer. Trans. Am. Clin. Clim. Assoc. 2014;125:358–373.
    1. Poullis A., Foster R., Shetty A., Fagerhol M.K., Mendall M.A. Bowel Inflammation as Measured by Fecal Calprotectin: A Link between Lifestyle Factors and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2004;13:279–284. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-03-0160.
    1. Dales L.G., Friedman G.D., Ury H.K., Grossman S., Williams S.R. A case-control study of relationships of diet and other traits to colorectal cancer in american blacks. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1979;109:132–144. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112668.
    1. Trichopoulos D., Polychronopoulou A. Epidemiology, diet and colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1986;22:335–337. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(86)90401-3.
    1. Wargovich M.J., Baer A.R., Hu P.J., Sumiyoshi H. Dietary factors and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 1988;17:727–745.
    1. Accardi G., Shivappa N., Di Maso M., Hebert J.R., Fratino L., Montella M., La Vecchia C., Caruso C., Serraino D., Libra M., et al. Dietary inflammatory index and cancer risk in the elderly: A pooled-analysis of Italian case-control studies. Nutrition. 2019;63–64:205–210. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.008.
    1. Harmon B.E., Wirth M.D., Boushey C.J., Wilkens L.R., Draluck E., Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Hofseth L., Haiman C.A., Le Marchand L., et al. The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Multiethnic Cohort. J. Nutr. 2017;147:430–438. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.242529.
    1. Niclis C., Pou S.A., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Steck S.E., Díaz M.D.P. Proinflammatory Dietary Intake is Associated with Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer: Results of a Case-Control Study in Argentina Using a Multilevel Modeling Approach. Nutr. Cancer. 2017;70:1–8. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1397710.
    1. Obón-Santacana M., Romaguera D., Gracia-Lavedan E., Molinuevo A., Molina-Montes E., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Tardón A., Castaño-Vinyals G., Moratalla F., et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index, Dietary Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity, and Colorectal and Breast Cancer Risk (MCC-Spain Study) Nutrients. 2019;11:1406. doi: 10.3390/nu11061406.
    1. Rafiee P., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Nasab S.J., Bahrami A., Hekmatdoost A., Rashidkhani B., Sadeghi A., Houshyari M., Hejazi E. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Odds of Colorectal Cancer and Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps in a Case-Control Study from Iran. Nutrients. 2019;11:1213. doi: 10.3390/nu11061213.
    1. Sharma I., Zhu Y., Woodrow J.R., Mulay S., Parfrey P.S., McLaughlin J.R., Hebert J.R., Shivappa N., Li Y., Zhou X., et al. Inflammatory diet and risk for colorectal cancer: A population-based case-control study in Newfoundland, Canada. Nutrition. 2017;42:69–74. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.010.
    1. Shivappa N., Prizment A.E., Blair C.K., Jacobs D.R., Steck S.E., Hébert J.R. Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and risk of colorectal cancer in Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2014;23:2383–2392. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0537.
    1. Shivappa N., Zucchetto A., Montella M., Serraino D., Steck S.E., La Vecchia C., Hebert J.R. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of colorectal cancer: A case-control study from Italy. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;114:152–158. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515001828.
    1. Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Shehadah I., Al-Jaberi T., Al-Nusairr M., Heath D., Hébert J.R., Hofseth L.J., Bani-Hani K.E., Tayyem R. Dietary inflammatory index and odds of colorectal cancer in a case-control study from Jordan. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2017;42:744–749. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0035.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Steck S.E., Safari A., Sedaghat F., Rashidkhani B. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Odds of Colorectal Cancer in a Case-Control Study from Iran. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2018;19:1999–2006.
    1. Wirth M.D., Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Hurley T.G., Hebert J.R. The Dietary Inflammatory Index is Associated with Colorectal Cancer in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;113:1819–1827. doi: 10.1017/S000711451500104X.
    1. Zamora-Ros R., Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Canzian F., Landi S., Alonso M.H., Hébert J.R., Moreno V. Dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory gene interactions in relation to colorectal cancer risk in the Bellvitge colorectal cancer case-control study. Genes Nutr. 2015;10:447. doi: 10.1007/s12263-014-0447-x.
    1. Deng F.E., Shivappa N., Tang Y., Mann J.R., Hebert J.R. Association between diet-related inflammation, all-cause, all-cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality, with special focus on prediabetics: Findings from NHANES III. Eur. J. Nutr. 2016;56:1085–1093. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1158-4.
    1. Ratjen I., Shivappa N., Schafmayer C., Burmeister G., Nothlings U., Hampe J., Hébert J.R., Lieb W., Schlesinger S. Association between the dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in colorectal cancer long-term survivors. Int. J. Cancer. 2019;144:1292–1301. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31919.
    1. Zheng J., Tabung F.K., Zhang J., Murphy E.A., Shivappa N., Ockene J.K., Caan B., Kroenke C.H., Hébert J.R., Steck S.E. Post-cancer diagnosis dietary inflammatory potential is associated with survival among women diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the Women’s Health Initiative. Eur. J. Nutr. 2019:1–13. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-01956-z.
    1. Haslam A., Robb S.W., Hébert J.R., Huang H., Wirth M.D., Shivappa N., Ebell M.H. The association between Dietary Inflammatory Index scores and the prevalence of colorectal adenoma. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20:1609–1616. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000453.
    1. Sardo Molmenti C.L., Steck S.E., Thomson C.A., Hibler E.A., Yang J., Shivappa N., Greenlee H., Wirth M.D., Neugut A.I., Jacobs E.T., et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: A Pooled Analysis. Nutr. Cancer. 2017;69:238–247. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1263752.
    1. Bruner S.D., Jobin C. Intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease and carcinogenesis: Implication for therapeutics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2016;99:585–587. doi: 10.1002/cpt.348.
    1. Murphy E.A., Velázquez K.T., Herbert K.M. Influence of High-Fat-Diet on Gut Microbiota: A Driving Force for Chronic Disease Risk. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 2015;18:515–520. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000209.
    1. Smith-Brown P., Morrison M., Krause L., Davies P.S.W. Dairy and plant based food intakes are associated with altered faecal microbiota in 2 to 3 year old Australian children. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:32385. doi: 10.1038/srep32385.
    1. Wogan G.N., Hecht S.S., Felton J.S., Conney A.H., Loeb L.A. Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Semin. Cancer Boil. 2004;14:473–486. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.010.
    1. Lugade A.A., Bogner P.N., Thatcher T.H., Sime P.J., Phipps R.P., Thanavala Y. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Exacerbates Lung Inflammation and Compromises Immunity to Bacterial Infection. J. Immunol. 2014;192:5226–5235. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302584.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J., Rosato V., Serraino D., La Vecchia C. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of laryngeal cancer in a case–control study from Italy. Eur. J. Cancer. 2016;61:S153. doi: 10.1016/S0959-8049(16)61541-1.
    1. Mazul A.L., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Steck S.E., Rodriguez-Ormaza N., Weissler M., Olshan A.F., Zevallos J.P. Proinflammatory diet is associated with increased risk of squamous cell head and neck cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2018;143:1604–1610. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31555.
    1. Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Zucchetto A., Montella M., Libra M., Garavello W., Rossi M., La Vecchia C., Serraino D. Increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with increasing levels of diet-associated inflammation in an Italian case-control study. Nutr. Cancer. 2016;68:1123–1130. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1216137.
    1. Abe M., Shivappa N., Ito H., Oze I., Abe T., Shimizu Y., Hasegawa Y., Kiyohara C., Nomura M., Ogawa Y., et al. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Japanese adults. Oncotarget. 2018;9:24028–24040. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.25288.
    1. Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Rosato V., Garavello W., Serraino D., La Vecchia C. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer in a large case-control study from Italy. Int. J. Cancer. 2017;141:471–479. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30711.
    1. Azzi C., Zhang J., Purdon C.H., Chapman J.M., Nitcheva D., Hebert J.R., Smith E.W. Permeation and reservoir formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) across porcine esophageal tissue in the presence of ethanol and menthol. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27:137–145. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi173.
    1. Squier C.A., Mantz M.J., Wertz P.W. Effect of menthol on the penetration of tobacco carcinogens and nicotine across porcine oral mucosa ex vivo. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2010;12:763–767. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq084.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Rashidkhani B. Dietary Inflammatory Index and risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer in a case-control study from Iran. Nutr. Cancer. 2015;67:1253–1259. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1082108.
    1. Shivappa N., Zucchetto A., Serraino D., Rossi M., La Vecchia C., Hebert J.R. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer in a case–control study from Italy. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:1439–1447. doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0636-y.
    1. Lu Y., Shivappa N., Lin Y., Lagergren J., Hebert J.R. Diet-related inflammation and oesophageal cancer by histological type: A nationwide case-control study in Sweden. Eur. J. Nutr. 2016;55:1683–1694. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0987-x.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Anderson L.A., Shrubsole M.J., Murray L.J., Getty L.B., Coleman H.G. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of reflux oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: A population-based case–control study. Br. J. Nutr. 2017;117:1323–1331. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001131.
    1. Tang L., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Lee A.H., Xu F., Binns C.W. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of oesophageal cancer in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Br. J. Nutr. 2018;119:1068–1075. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518000405.
    1. Hodge A.M., Bassett J.K., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., English D.R., Giles G.G., Severi G. Dietary inflammatory index, Mediterranean diet score, and lung cancer: A prospective study. Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27:907–917. doi: 10.1007/s10552-016-0770-1.
    1. Shivappa N., Wang R., Hébert J.R., Jin A., Koh W.-P., Yuan J.M. Association between inflammatory potential of diet and risk of lung cancer among smokers in a prospective study in Singapore. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018:1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1825-8.
    1. Bodén S., Myte R., Wennberg M., Harlid S., Johansson I., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Van Guelpen B., Nilsson L.M. The inflammatory potential of diet in determining cancer risk; A prospective investigation of two dietary pattern scores. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0214551. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214551.
    1. Maisonneuve P., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Bellomi M., Rampinelli C., Bertolotti R., Spaggiari L., Palli D., Veronesi G., Gnagnarella P. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of lung cancer and other respiratory conditions among heavy smokers in the COSMOS screening study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2015;55:1069–1079. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0920-3.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Rosato V., Rossi M., Libra M., Montella M., Serraino D., La Vecchia C. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Bladder Cancer in a Large Italian Case-Control Study. Urology. 2017;100:84–89. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.09.026.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Mirsafa F., Rashidkhani B. Increased Inflammatory Potential of Diet Is Associated with Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer in an Iranian Case-Control Study. Nutr. Cancer. 2019:1–8. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1597902.
    1. Shivappa N., Blair C.K., Prizment A.E., Jacobs D.R., Hébert J.R. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of renal cancer in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017;57:1207–1213. doi: 10.1007/s00394-017-1403-5.
    1. Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Rosato V., Rossi M., Montella M., Serraino D., La Vecchia C. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk in an Italian Case-Control Study. Nutr. Cancer. 2017;69:833–839. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1339815.
    1. Shivappa N., Bosetti C., Zucchetto A., Serraino D., La Vecchia C., Hebert J.R. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of pancreatic cancer in an Italian case-control study. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;113:292–298. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514003626.
    1. Antwi S.O., Oberg A.L., Shivappa N., Bamlet W.R., Chaffee K.G., Steck S.E., Hebert J.R., Petersen G.M. Pancreatic cancer: Associations of inflammatory potential of diet, cigarette smoking and long-standing diabetes. Carcinogenesis. 2016;37:481–490. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgw022.
    1. Antwi S.O., Bamlet W.R., Pedersen K.S., Chaffee K.G., Risch H.A., Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Anderson K.E., Bracci P.M., Polesel J., et al. Pancreatic Cancer Risk is Modulated by Inflammatory Potential of Diet and ABO Genotype: A Consortia-based Evaluation and Replication Study. Carcinogenesis. 2018 doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgy072.
    1. Zheng J., Merchant A.T., Wirth M.D., Zhang J., Antwi S.O., Shoaibi A., Shivappa N., Stolzenberg-Solomon R.Z., Hebert J.R., Steck S.E. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Int. J. Cancer. 2018;142:2461–2470. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31271.
    1. Zheng J., Wirth M.D., Merchant A.T., Zhang J., Shivappa N., Stolzenberg-Solomon R.Z., Hebert J.R., Steck S.E. Inflammatory potential of diet, inflammation-related lifestyle factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: Results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2019 doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0250.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Polesel J., Zucchetto A., Crispo A., Montella M., Franceschi S., Rossi M., La Vecchia C., Serraino D. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk for hepatocellular cancer in a case-control study from Italy. Br. J. Nutr. 2016;115:324–331. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515004419.
    1. Wang X.-Y., Fang A.-P., Chen P.-Y., Liao G.-C., Zhang Y.-J., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Chen Y.-M., Zhu H.-L. High dietary inflammatory index scores are associated with an elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a case–control study. Food Funct. 2018;9:5832–5842. doi: 10.1039/C8FO01190G.
    1. Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Ferraroni M., La Vecchia C., Rossi M. Association between dietary inflammatory index and gastric cancer risk in an Italian case-control study. Nutr. Cancer. 2016;68:1262–1268. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1224367.
    1. Graffouillère L., Deschasaux M., Mariotti F., Neufcourt L., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Wirth M.D., Latino-Martel P., Hercberg S., Galan P., et al. The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk in French Middle-Aged Adults in a Prospective Study. J. Nutr. 2016;146:785–791. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.225623.
    1. Hoang D.V., Shivappa N., Pham N.M., Hebert J.R., Binns C.W., Lee A.H. Dietary inflammatory index is associated with increased risk for prostate cancer among Vietnamese men. Nutrition. 2019;62:140–145. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.12.012.
    1. McMahon D.M., Burch J.B., Hebert J.R., Hardin J.W., Zhang J., Wirth M.D., Youngstedt S.D., Shivappa N., Jacobsen S.J., Caan B., et al. Diet-related inflammation and risk of prostate cancer in the California Men’s Health Study. Ann. Epidemiol. 2018 doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.008.
    1. Shivappa N., Bosetti C., Zucchetto A., Montella M., Serraino D., La Vecchia C., Hebert J.R. Association between dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer among Italian men. Br. J. Nutr. 2014;113:278–283. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514003572.
    1. Shivappa N., Jackson M.D., Bennett F., Hebert J.R. Increased Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) Is Associated With Increased Risk of Prostate Cancer in Jamaican Men. Nutr. Cancer. 2015;67:941–948. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1062117.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Askari F., Kardoust Parizi M., Rashidkhani B. Increased Inflammatory Potential of Diet is Associated with Increased Risk of Prostate Cancer in Iranian Men. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. Int. Z. Vitam. 2017;86:161–168. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000395.
    1. Shivappa N., Miao Q., Walker M., Hébert J.R., Aronson K.J. Association Between a Dietary Inflammatory Index and Prostate Cancer Risk in Ontario, Canada. Nutr. Cancer. 2017;69:825–832. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1339095.
    1. Shivappa N., Niclis C., Coquet J.B., Román M.D., Hébert J.R., Diaz M.D.P. Increased inflammatory potential of diet is associated with increased odds of prostate cancer in Argentinian men. Cancer Causes Control. 2018;29:803–813. doi: 10.1007/s10552-018-1056-6.
    1. Vázquez-Salas R.A., Shivappa N., Galván-Portillo M., López-Carrillo L., Hébert J.R., Torres-Sánchez L. Dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer risk in a case–control study in Mexico. Br. J. Nutr. 2016;116:1945–1953. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516003986.
    1. Vidal A.C., Oyekunle T., Howard L.E., Shivappa N., De Hoedt A., Figueiredo J.C., Taioli E., Fowke J.H., Lin P.H., Hebert J.R., et al. Dietary inflammatory index (DII) and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control study among Black and White US Veteran men. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019 doi: 10.1038/s41391-019-0143-4.
    1. Zucchetto A., Gini A., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Stocco C., Maso L.D., Birri S., Serraino D., Polesel J. Dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer survival. Int. J. Cancer. 2016;139:2398–2404. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30208.
    1. Shivappa N., Sandin S., Löf M., Hébert J.R., Adami H.-O., Weiderpass E. Prospective study of dietary inflammatory index and risk of breast cancer in Swedish women. Br. J. Cancer. 2015;113:1099–1103. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.304.
    1. Huang W.-Q., Mo X.-F., Ye Y.-B., Shivappa N., Lin F.-Y., Huang J., Hébert J.R., Yan B., Zhang C.-X. A higher Dietary Inflammatory Index score is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer among Chinese women: A case-control study. Br. J. Nutr. 2017;117:1358–1367. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001192.
    1. Shivappa N., Blair C.K., Prizment A.E., Jacobs D.R., Hébert J.R. Prospective study of the dietary inflammatory index and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017;61:87. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600592.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Rosato V., Montella M., Serraino D., La Vecchia C. Association between the dietary inflammatory index and breast cancer in a large Italian case-control study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017;61 doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600500.
    1. Jalali S., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Heidari Z., Hekmatdoost A., Rashidkhani B. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Odds of Breast Cancer in a Case-Control Study from Iran. Nutr. Cancer. 2018;70:1034–1042. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1494843.
    1. Gardeazabal I., Ruiz-Canela M., Sánchez-Bayona R., Romanos-Nanclares A., Aramendía-Beitia J., Shivappa N., Hébert J., Martínez-González M., Toledo E. Dietary inflammatory index and incidence of breast cancer in the SUN project. Clin. Nutr. 2018 doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.030.
    1. Ge I., Rudolph A., Shivappa N., Flesch-Janys D., Hebert J.R., Chang-Claude J. Dietary inflammation potential and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a German case-control study. Breast. 2015;24:491–496. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2015.04.012.
    1. Zheng J., Tabung F.K., Zhang J., Liese A.D., Shivappa N., Ockene J.K., Caan B., Kroenke C.H., Hebert J.R., Steck S.E. Association between Post-Cancer Diagnosis Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Mortality among Invasive Breast Cancer Survivors in the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2018;27:454–463. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0569.
    1. Tabung F.K., Steck S.E., Liese A.D., Zhang J., Ma Y., Caan B., Chlebowski R.T., Freudenheim J.L., Hou L., Mossavar-Rahmani Y., et al. Association between dietary inflammatory potential and breast cancer incidence and death: Results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Br. J. Cancer. 2016;114:1277–1285. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.98.
    1. Zucchetto A., Serraino D., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Stocco C., Puppo A., Falcini F., Panato C., Maso L.D., Polesel J. Dietary inflammatory index before diagnosis and survival in an Italian cohort of women with breast cancer. Br. J. Nutr. 2017;117:1456–1462. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517001258.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Rosato V., Rossi M., Montella M., Serraino D., La Vecchia C. Dietary Inflammatory Index and ovarian cancer risk in a large Italian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27:897–906. doi: 10.1007/s10552-016-0767-9.
    1. Nagle C.M., Ibiebele T., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., DeFazio A., Webb P.M., Australian Ovarian Cancer Study The association between the inflammatory potential of diet and risk of developing, and survival following, a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Eur. J. Nutr. 2018;58:1747–1756. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1779-x.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Paddock L.E., Rodriguez-Rodriguez L., Olson S.H., Bandera E.V. Dietary inflammatory index and ovarian cancer risk in a New Jersey case-control study. Nutrition. 2018;46:78–82. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.011.
    1. Peres L.C., Bandera E.V., Qin B., Guertin K.A., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Abbott S.E., Alberg A.J., Barnholtz-Sloan J., Bondy M., et al. Dietary inflammatory index and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in African American women. Int. J. Cancer. 2017;140:535–543. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30467.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Zucchetto A., Montella M., Serraino D., La Vecchia C., Rossi M. Dietary inflammatory index and endometrial cancer risk in an Italian case-control study. Br. J. Nutr. 2016;115:138–146. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515004171.
    1. Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Taborelli M., Montella M., Libra M., Zucchetto A., Crispo A., Grimaldi M., La Vecchia C., Serraino D., et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma risk in an Italian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2017;28:791–799. doi: 10.1007/s10552-017-0905-z.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Taborelli M., Zucchetto A., Montella M., Libra M., La Vecchia C., Serraino D., Polesel J. Association between dietary inflammatory index and Hodgkin’s lymphoma in an Italian case-control study. Nutrition. 2018;53:43–48. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.01.005.
    1. Guo F., Moellering D.R., Garvey W.T. The progression of cardiometabolic disease: Validation of a new cardiometabolic disease staging system applicable to obesity. Obesity. 2014;22:110–118. doi: 10.1002/oby.20585.
    1. Vincent G.E., Jay S.M., Sargent C., Vandelanotte C., Ridgers N.D., Ferguson S.A. Improving Cardiometabolic Health with Diet, Physical Activity, and Breaking Up Sitting: What about Sleep? Front. Physiol. 2017;8:856. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00865.
    1. Phillips C.M., Perry I.J. Does Inflammation Determine Metabolic Health Status in Obese and Nonobese Adults? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013;98:E1610–E1619. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-2038.
    1. Choi J., Se-Young O., Lee D., Tak S., Hong M., Park S.M., Cho B., Park M. Characteristics of diet patterns in metabolically obese, normal weight adults (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 2005) Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2012;22:567–574. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.001.
    1. Misra A., Bhardwaj S. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries: Focus on South Asians. Nestle Nutr. Inst. Workshop Ser. 2014;78:133–140.
    1. Kelishadi R., Hashemipour M., Sarrafzadegan N., Mohammadifard N., Alikhasy H., Beizaei M., Sajjadi F., Poursafa P., Amin Z., Ghatreh-Samani S., et al. Effects of a lifestyle modification trial among phenotypically obese metabolically normal and phenotypically obese metabolically abnormal adolescents in comparison with phenotypically normal metabolically obese adolescents. Matern. Child Nutr. 2010;6:275–286. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00207.x.
    1. Hebert J.R., Wirth M., Davis L., Davis B., Harmon B.E., Hurley T.G., Drayton R., Angela Murphy E., Shivappa N., Wilcox S., et al. C-reactive protein levels in African Americans: A diet and lifestyle randomized community trial. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013;45:430–440. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.011.
    1. WHO (World Health Organization) Global Health Estimates 2016: Disease Burden by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2016. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switherland: 2018.
    1. Emerging Risk Factors C., Kaptoge S., Di Angelantonio E., Lowe G., Pepys M.B., Thompson S.G., Collins R., Danesh J. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: An individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:132–140.
    1. Ridker P.M., Tracy R.P., Hennekens C.H., Cushman M., Stampfer M.J. Inflammation, Aspirin, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Apparently Healthy Men. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997;336:973–979. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401.
    1. Spranger J., Kroke A., Möhlig M., Hoffmann K., Bergmann M.M., Ristow M., Boeing H., Pfeiffer A.F.H. Inflammatory Cytokines and the Risk to Develop Type 2 Diabetes: Results of the Prospective Population-Based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Diabetes. 2003;52:812–817. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.3.812.
    1. Pradhan A.D., Manson J.E., Rifai N., Buring J.E., Ridker P.M. C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JAMA. 2001;286:327–334. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.3.327.
    1. Festa A., D’Agostino R., Tracy R.P., Haffner S.M. Elevated Levels of Acute-Phase Proteins and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes. 2002;51:1131–1137. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1131.
    1. Kord Varkaneh H., Fatahi S., Tajik S., Rahmani J., Zarezadeh M., Shab-Bidar S. Dietary inflammatory index in relation to obesity and body mass index: A meta-analysis. Nutr. Food Sci. 2018;48:702–721. doi: 10.1108/NFS-09-2017-0203.
    1. Namazi N., Larijani B., Azadbakht L. Dietary Inflammatory Index and its Association with the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Horm. Metab. Res. 2018;50:345–358. doi: 10.1055/a-0596-8204.
    1. Ruiz-Canela M., Bes-Rastrollo M., Martinez-Gonzalez M.A. The Role of Dietary Inflammatory Index in Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016;17:1265. doi: 10.3390/ijms17081265.
    1. Jorgensen D., White G.E., Sekikawa A., Gianaros P. Higher dietary inflammation is associated with increased odds of depression independent of Framingham Risk Score in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr. Res. 2018;54:23–32. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.03.004.
    1. Okada E., Shirakawa T., Shivappa N., Wakai K., Suzuki K., Date C., Iso H., Hébert J.R., Tamakoshi A. Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality but Not with Cancer Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Japanese Adults. J. Nutr. 2019;149:1451–1459. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz085.
    1. Ramallal R., Toledo E., Martinez-Gonzalez M.A., Hernández-Hernández A., García-Arellano A., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Ruíz-Canela M. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the SUN Cohort. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0135221. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135221.
    1. Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Hussey J.R., Ma Y., Hebert J.R. Inflammatory potential of diet and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017;56:683–692. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1112-x.
    1. Willerson J.T., Ridker P.M. Inflammation as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Circulation. 2004;109:II-2–II-10. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000129535.04194.38.
    1. Sokol A., Wirth M.D., Manczuk M., Shivappa N., Zatonska K., Hurley T.G., Hébert J.R. Association between the dietary inflammatory index, waist-to-hip ratio and metabolic syndrome. Nutr. Res. 2016;36:1298–1303. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.04.004.
    1. Carvalho C.A., Silva A.A.M., Assunção M.C.F., Fonseca P.C.A., Barbieri M.A., Bettiol H., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R. The dietary inflammatory index and insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome in young adults. Nutrition. 2019;58:187–193. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.07.014.
    1. Kim H.-Y., Lee J., Kim J. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Metabolic Syndrome in the General Korean Population. Nutrients. 2018;10:648. doi: 10.3390/nu10050648.
    1. Ren Z., Zhao A., Wang Y., Meng L., Szeto I.M.-Y., Li T., Gong H., Tian Z., Zhang Y., Wang P. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index, C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2018;10:831. doi: 10.3390/nu10070831.
    1. Welsh P., Polisecki E., Robertson M., Jahn S., Buckley B.M., de Craen A.J., Ford I., Jukema J.W., Macfarlane P.W., Packard C.J., et al. Unraveling the directional link between adiposity and inflammation: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010;95:93–99. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1064.
    1. Van Zuydam N., Wielscher M., McCarthy M., Järvelin M.-R. Increased Obesity Is Causal for Increased Inflammation—A Mendelian Randomisation Study. Diabetes. 2018;67:217. doi: 10.2337/db18-217-LB.
    1. Alam I., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Pawelec G., Larbi A. Relationships between the inflammatory potential of the diet, aging and anthropometric measurements in a cross-sectional study in Pakistan. Nutr. Health Aging. 2018;4:335–343. doi: 10.3233/NHA-180042.
    1. Aslani Z., Qorbani M., Hebert J.R., Shivappa N., Motlagh M.E., Asayesh H., Mahdavi-Gorabi A., Kelishadi R. Association of Dietary Inflammatory Index with anthropometric indices in children and adolescents: The weight disorder survey of the Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non-communicable Disease (CASPIAN)-IV study. Br. J. Nutr. 2019;121:340–350. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003240.
    1. Andrade P.A., Hermsdorff H.H.M., Leite J.I.A., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Henriques H.K.F., de Oliveira Barbosa Rosa C. Baseline Pro-inflammatory Diet Is Inversely Associated with Change in Weight and Body Fat 6 Months Following-up to Bariatric Surgery. Obes. Surg. 2019;29:457–463. doi: 10.1007/s11695-018-3530-3.
    1. Denova-Gutiérrez E., Muñoz-Aguirre P., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Tolentino-Mayo L., Batis C., Barquera S. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: The Diabetes Mellitus Survey of Mexico City. Nutrients. 2018;10:385. doi: 10.3390/nu10040385.
    1. Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Akhoundan M., Mirmiran P., Rashidkhani B. Association between inflammatory potential of diet and odds of gestational diabetes mellitus among Iranian women. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;32:3552–3558. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1466275.
    1. Vahid F., Shivappa N., Karamati M., Jafari Naeini A., Hebert J.R., Davoodi S.H. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Risk of Pre-Diabetes: A Case-Control Study. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016;42:399–404. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0395.
    1. Beckhaus A.A., Garcia-Marcos L., Forno E., Pacheco-Gonzalez R.M., Celedón J.C., Castro-Rodriguez J.A., Garcia-Marcos L., Pacheco-Gonzalez R.M., Castro-Rodriguez J.A. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and risk of asthma, wheeze and atopic diseases during childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2015;70:1588–1604. doi: 10.1111/all.12729.
    1. Guilleminault L., Williams E.J., Scott H.A., Berthon B.S., Jensen M., Wood L.G. Diet and Asthma: Is It Time to Adapt Our Message? Nutrients. 2017;9:1227. doi: 10.3390/nu9111227.
    1. Berthon B.S., MacDonald-Wicks L.K., Gibson P.G., Wood L.G. Investigation of the association between dietary intake, disease severity and airway inflammation in asthma. Respirology. 2013;18:447–454. doi: 10.1111/resp.12015.
    1. Wood L.G., Gibson P.G. Dietary factors lead to innate immune activation in asthma. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009;123:37–53. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.015.
    1. Devereux G. The increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergy: Food for thought. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006;6:869–874. doi: 10.1038/nri1958.
    1. Hosseini B., Berthon B.S., Wark P., Wood L.G. Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Risk of Asthma, Wheezing and Immune Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9:341. doi: 10.3390/nu9040341.
    1. Wood L.G., Shivappa N., Berthon B.S., Gibson P.G., Hebert J.R. Dietary inflammatory index is related to asthma risk, lung function and systemic inflammation in asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2015;45:177–183. doi: 10.1111/cea.12323.
    1. Han Y.-Y., Forno E., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hébert J.R., Celedón J.C. The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Current Wheeze Among Children and Adults in the United States. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2018;6:834–841. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.12.029.
    1. Duijts L., Reiss I.K., Brusselle G., De Jongste J.C. Early origins of chronic obstructive lung diseases across the life course. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2014;29:871–885. doi: 10.1007/s10654-014-9981-5.
    1. Shaheen S.O., Northstone K., Newson R.B., Emmett P., Sherriff A., Henderson A.J. Dietary patterns in pregnancy and respiratory and atopic outcomes in childhood. Thorax. 2009;64:411–417. doi: 10.1136/thx.2008.104703.
    1. Lange N.E., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Camargo C.A., Gold D.R., Gillman M.W., Litonjua A.A. Maternal dietary pattern during pregnancy is not associated with recurrent wheeze in children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010;126:250–255. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.009.
    1. Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Ohfuji S., Hirota Y. Maternal fat consumption during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants aged 16-24 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Thorax. 2009;64:815–821. doi: 10.1136/thx.2009.115931.
    1. Miyake Y., Okubo H., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Hirota Y. Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants aged 16–24 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:734–741. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01176.x.
    1. Willers S.M., Devereux G., Craig L.C.A., McNeill G., Wijga A.H., El-Magd W.A., Turner S.W., Helms P.J., Seaton A. Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children. Thorax. 2007;62:773–779. doi: 10.1136/thx.2006.074187.
    1. Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Hirota Y. Consumption of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants. Allergy. 2010;65:758–765. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02267.x.
    1. Thorsen J., Bisgaard H., Chawes B.L., Vissing N.H., Schoos A.-M.M., Wolsk H.M., Pedersen T.M., Vinding R.K., Følsgaard N.V., Fink N.R., et al. Fish Oil–Derived Fatty Acids in Pregnancy and Wheeze and Asthma in Offspring. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016;375:2530–2539.
    1. Sen S., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hébert J.R., Gold D.R., Gillman M.W., Oken E. Dietary Inflammatory Potential during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Fetal Growth and Breastfeeding Failure: Results from Project Viva. J. Nutrients. 2016;146:728–736. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.225581.
    1. Sonnenschein-van der Voort A.M., Jaddoe V.W., Moll H.A., Hofman A., van der Valk R.J., de Jongste J.C., Duijts L. Influence of maternal and cord blood C-reactive protein on childhood respiratory symptoms and eczema. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2013;24:469–475. doi: 10.1111/pai.12094.
    1. Prado E.L., Dewey K.G. Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutr. Rev. 2014;72:267–284. doi: 10.1111/nure.12102.
    1. Borge T.C., Aase H., Brantsæter A.L., Biele G. The importance of maternal diet quality during pregnancy on cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e016777. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016777.
    1. González H.F., Visentin S. Micronutrients and neurodevelopment: An update. Arch. Argent. Pediatr. 2016;114:570–575.
    1. Iglesias L., Canals J., Arija V. Effects of prenatal iron status on child neurodevelopment and behavior: A systematic review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018;58:1604–1614. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1274285.
    1. Amorós R., Murcia M., González L., Rebagliato M., Iniguez C., Lopez-Espinosa M.-J., Vioque J., Broberg K., Ballester F., Llop S. Maternal selenium status and neuropsychological development in Spanish preschool children. Environ. Res. 2018;166:215–222. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.002.
    1. Barker E.D., Kirkham N., Ng J., Jensen S.K.G. Prenatal maternal depression symptoms and nutrition, and child cognitive function. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2013;203:417–421. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.129486.
    1. Daniels J.L., Longnecker M.P., Rowland A.S., Golding J. Fish Intake During Pregnancy and Early Cognitive Development of Offspring. Epidemiology. 2004;15:394–402. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000129514.46451.ce.
    1. Davidson P.W., Strain J., Myers G.J., Thurston S.W., Bonham M.P., Shamlaye C.F., Stokes-Riner A., Wallace J.M., Robson P.J., Duffy E.M., et al. Neurodevelopmental Effects of Maternal Nutritional Status and Exposure to Methylmercury from Eating Fish during Pregnancy. NeuroToxicology. 2008;29:767–775. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.06.001.
    1. Gale C.R., Robinson S.M., Godfrey K.M., Law C.M., Schlotz W., O’Callaghan F.J. Oily fish intake during pregnancy—Association with lower hyperactivity but not with higher full-scale IQ in offspring. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 2008;49:1061–1068. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01908.x.
    1. Hibbeln J.R., Davis J.M., Steer C., Emmett P., Rogers I., Williams C., Golding J. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): An observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007;369:578–585. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60277-3.
    1. Jacka F.N., Ystrom E., Brantsaeter A.L., Karevold E., Roth C., Haugen M., Meltzer H.M., Schjolberg S., Berk M. Maternal and Early Postnatal Nutrition and Mental Health of Offspring by Age 5 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 2013;52:1038–1047. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.07.002.
    1. Mendez M.A., Torrent M., Julvez J., Ribas-Fitó N., Kogevinas M., Sunyer J. Maternal fish and other seafood intakes during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment at age 4 years. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:1702–1710. doi: 10.1017/S1368980008003947.
    1. Oken E., Radesky J.S., Wright R.O., Bellinger D.C., Amarasiriwardena C.J., Kleinman K.P., Hu H., Gillman M.W. Maternal Fish Intake During Pregnancy, Blood Mercury Levels, and Child Cognition at Age 3 Years in a US Cohort. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2008;63:557–558. doi: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000325908.86375.18.
    1. Oken E., Østerdal M.L., Gillman M.W., Knudsen V.K., Halldorsson T.I., Strøm M., Bellinger D.C., Hadders-Algra M., Michaelsen K.F., Olsen S.F. Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: A study from the Danish National Birth Cohort. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:789–796. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/88.3.789.
    1. Pina-Camacho L., Jensen S.K., Gaysina D., Barker E.D. Maternal depression symptoms, unhealthy diet and child emotional-behavioural dysregulation. Psychol. Med. 2015;45:1851–1860. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714002955.
    1. Steenweg-de Graaff J., Tiemeier H., Steegers-Theunissen R.P., Hofman A., Jaddoe V.W., Verhulst F.C., Roza S.J. Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and child internalising and externalising problems. The Generation R Study. Clin. Nutr. 2014;33:115–121. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.002.
    1. Valent F., Mariuz M., Bin M., Little D., Mazej D., Tognin V., Tratnik J., McAfee A.J., Mulhern M.S., Parpinel M., et al. Associations of Prenatal Mercury Exposure From Maternal Fish Consumption and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Child Neurodevelopment: A Prospective Cohort Study in Italy. J. Epidemiol. 2013;23:360–370. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20120168.
    1. Sagiv S.K., Thurston S.W., Bellinger D.C., Amarasiriwardena C., Korrick S.A. Prenatal exposure to mercury and fish consumption during pregnancy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-related behavior in children. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2012;166:1123–1131. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1286.
    1. The EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study Group. Bernard J.Y., De Agostini M., Forhan A., De Lauzon-Guillain B., Charles M.-A., Heude B. The Dietary n6, n3 Fatty Acid Ratio during Pregnancy Is Inversely Associated with Child Neurodevelopment in the EDEN Mother-Child Cohort. J. Nutr. 2013;143:1481–1488.
    1. Bolduc F.V., Lau A., Rosenfelt C.S., Langer S., Wang N., Smithson L., Lefebvre D., Alexander R.T., Dickson C.T., Li L., et al. Cognitive Enhancement in Infants Associated with Increased Maternal Fruit Intake During Pregnancy: Results from a Birth Cohort Study with Validation in an Animal Model. EBioMedicine. 2016;8:331–340. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.025.
    1. Gustafsson H.C., Kuzava S.E., Werner E.A., Monk C. Maternal dietary fat intake during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament. Dev. Psychobiol. 2016;58:528–535. doi: 10.1002/dev.21391.
    1. Julvez J., Mendez M., Fernández-Barrés S., Romaguera D., Vioque J., Llop S., Ibarluzea J., Guxens M., Avella-Garcia C., Tardón A., et al. Maternal Consumption of Seafood in Pregnancy and Child Neuropsychological Development: A Longitudinal Study Based on a Population With High Consumption Levels. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2016;183:169–182. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv195.
    1. Oken E., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Amarasiriwardena C., Jayawardene I., Bellinger D.C., Hibbeln J.R., Wright R.O., Gillman M.W. Maternal prenatal fish consumption and cognition in mid childhood: Mercury, fatty acids, and selenium. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2016;57:71–78. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.07.001.
    1. Malin A.J., Busgang S.A., Cantoral A.J., Svensson K., Orjuela M.A., Pantic I., Schnaas L., Oken E., Baccarelli A.A., Téllez-Rojo M.M., et al. Quality of Prenatal and Childhood Diet Predicts Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among Children in Mexico City. Nutrients. 2018;10:1093. doi: 10.3390/nu10081093.
    1. Jiang N.M., Cowan M., Moonah S.N., Petri W.A. The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Neurodevelopment. Trends Mol. Med. 2018;24:794–804. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.008.
    1. Deverman B.E., Patterson P.H. Cytokines and CNS development. Neuron. 2009;64:61–78. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.002.
    1. Kuban K.C., O’Shea T.M., Allred E.N., Fichorova R.N., Heeren T., Paneth N., Hirtz D., Dammann O., Leviton A., ELGAN Study Investigators The breadth and type of systemic inflammation and the risk of adverse neurological outcomes in extremely low gestation newborns. Pediatr. Neurol. 2015;52:42–48. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.005.
    1. Goeden N., Velasquez J., Arnold K.A., Chan Y., Lund B.T., Anderson G.M., Bonnin A. Maternal Inflammation Disrupts Fetal Neurodevelopment via Increased Placental Output of Serotonin to the Fetal Brain. J. Neurosci. 2016;36:6041–6049. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2534-15.2016.
    1. O’Shea T.M., Joseph R.M., Kuban K.C., Allred E.N., Ware J., Coster T., Fichorova R.N., Dammann O., Leviton A., ELGAN Study Investigators Elevated blood levels of inflammation-related proteins are associated with an attention problem at age 24 mo in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr. Res. 2014;75:781–787.
    1. Jiang N.M., Tofail F., Moonah S.N., Scharf R.J., Taniuchi M., Ma J.Z., Hamadani J.D., Gurley E.S., Houpt E.R., Azziz-Baumgartner E., et al. Febrile illness and pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with lower neurodevelopmental scores in Bangladeshi infants living in poverty. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:50. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-50.
    1. Scheller J., Chalaris A., Schmidt-Arras D., Rose-John S. The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Bioenerg. 2011;1813:878–888. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034.
    1. Hayden K.M., Beavers D.P., Steck S.E., Hebert J.R., Tabung F.K., Shivappa N., Casanova R., Manson J.E., Padula C.B., Salmoirago-Blotcher E., et al. The association between an inflammatory diet and global cognitive function and incident dementia in older women: The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13:1187–1196. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.004.
    1. Kesse-Guyot E., Assmann K.E., Andreeva V.A., Touvier M., Neufcourt L., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Wirth M.D., Hercberg S., Galan P., et al. Long-term association between the dietary inflammatory index and cognitive functioning: Findings from the SU.VI.MAX study. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017;56:1647–1655. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1211-3.
    1. Assmann K.E., Hébert J.R., Wirth M.D., Hercberg S., Adjibade M., Shivappa N., Touvier M., Akbaraly T., Galan P., Julia C., et al. The Inflammatory Potential of the Diet at Midlife Is Associated with Later Healthy Aging in French Adults. J. Nutr. 2018;148:437–444. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx061.
    1. Frith E., Shivappa N., Mann J.R., Hebert J.R., Wirth M.D., Loprinzi P.D. Dietary inflammatory index and memory function: Population-based national sample of elderly Americans. Br. J. Nutr. 2018;119:552–558. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517003804.
    1. Frith E., Shivappa N., Mann J.R., Hebert J.R., Wirth M.D., Loprinzi P.D. Letter to Editor in response to: Potential confounding in a study of dietary inflammatory index and cognitive function. Br. J. Nutr. 2018;120:1078–1079. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518002532.
    1. Shin D., Kwon S.C., Kim M.H., Lee K.W., Choi S.Y., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Chung H.K. Inflammatory potential of diet is associated with cognitive function in an older adult Korean population. Nutrition. 2018;55–56:56–62. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.026.
    1. Whiteford H., Ferrari A., Degenhardt L. Global Burden Of Disease Studies: Implications For Mental And Substance Use Disorders. Health Aff. 2016;35:1114–1120. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0082.
    1. World Health Organisation . Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switherland: 2017.
    1. WHO . Risks to Mental Health: An Overview of Vulnerabilities and Risk Factors. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switherland: 2012. Background Paper by WHO Secretariat for the Development of a Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan.
    1. Akbaraly T.N., Brunner E.J., Ferrie J.E., Marmot M.G., Kivimäki M., Singh-Manoux A. Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2009;195:408–413. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058925.
    1. Sanchez-Villegas A., Toledo E., de Irala J., Ruiz-Canela M., Pla-Vidal J., Martinez-Gonzalez M.A. Fast-food and commercial baked goods consumption and the risk of depression. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:424–432. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011001856.
    1. Lai J.S., Hiles S., Bisquera A., Hure A.J., McEvoy M., Attia J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014;99:181–197. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.069880.
    1. Quirk S.E., Williams L.J., O’Neil A., Pasco J.A., Jacka F.N., Housden S., Berk M., Brennan S.L. The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:175. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-175.
    1. Kivimaki M., Shipley M.J., Batty G.D., Hamer M., Akbaraly T.N., Kumari M., Jokela M., Virtanen M., Lowe G.D., Ebmeier K.P., et al. Long-term inflammation increases risk of common mental disorder: A cohort study. Mol. Psychiatry. 2014;19:149–150. doi: 10.1038/mp.2013.35.
    1. Köhler C.A., Freitas T.H., Maes M., De Andrade N.Q., Liu C.S., Fernandes B.S., Stubbs B., Solmi M., Veronese N., Herrmann N., et al. Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: A meta-analysis of 82 studies. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2017;135:373–387. doi: 10.1111/acps.12698.
    1. Lassale C., Batty G.D., Baghdadli A., Jacka F., Sánchez-Villegas A., Kivimäki M., Akbaraly T. Correction: Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol. Psychiatry. 2018;24:1094. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0299-7.
    1. Molendijk M., Molero P., Sánchez-Pedreño F.O., Van Der Does W., Martínez-González M.A. Diet quality and depression risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Affect. Disord. 2018;226:346–354. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.022.
    1. Tolkien K., Bradburn S., Murgatroyd C. An anti-inflammatory diet as a potential intervention for depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Nutr. 2018;20:20. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.007.
    1. Kheirouri S., Alizadeh M. Dietary Inflammatory Potential and the Risk of Incident Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review. Adv. Nutr. 2019;10:9–18. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmy100.
    1. Wang J., Zhou Y., Chen K., Jing Y., He J., Sun H., Hu X. Dietary inflammatory index and depression: A meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2018:1–7. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018002628.
    1. Firth J., Stubbs B., Teasdale S.B., Ward P.B., Veronese N., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Berk M., Yung A.R., Sarris J. Diet as a hot topic in psychiatry: A population-scale study of nutritional intake and inflammatory potential in severe mental illness. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:365–367. doi: 10.1002/wps.20571.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Tehrani A.N., Bayzai B., Naja F., Rashidkhani B. A Pro-Inflammatory Diet Is Associated With an Increased Odds of Depression Symptoms Among Iranian Female Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Psychol. 2018;9:400. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00400.
    1. Shivappa N., Schoenaker D.A.J.M., Hebert J.R., Mishra G.D. Association between inflammatory potential of diet and risk of depression in middle-aged women: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Br. J. Nutr. 2016;116:1077–1086. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516002853.
    1. Adjibade M., Andreeva V.A., Lemogne C., Touvier M., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Wirth M.D., Hercberg S., Galan P., Julia C., et al. The Inflammatory Potential of the Diet Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Different Subgroups of the General Population. J. Nutr. 2017;147:879–887. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.245167.
    1. Phillips C.M., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Perry I.J. Dietary inflammatory index and mental health: A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship with depressive symptoms, anxiety and well-being in adults. Clin. Nutr. 2018;37:1485–1491. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.029.
    1. Akbaraly T.N., Kerlau C., Wyart M., Chevallier N., Ndiaye L., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Kivimäki M. Dietary inflammatory index and recurrence of depressive symptoms: Results from the Whitehall II Study. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2016;4:1125–1134. doi: 10.1177/2167702616645777.
    1. Sánchez-Villegas A., Ruíz-Canela M., De La Fuente-Arrillaga C., Gea A., Shivappa N., Hébert J.R., Martínez-González M.A. Dietary inflammatory index, cardiometabolic conditions and depression in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra cohort study. Br. J. Nutr. 2015;114:1471–1479. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003074.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Veronese N., Caruso M.G., Notarnicola M., Maggi S., Stubbs B., Firth J., Fornaro M., Solmi M. The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII((R))) and incident depressive symptoms: A longitudinal cohort study. J. Affect. Disord. 2018;235:39–44. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.014.
    1. Hauenstein E.J. Young women and depression. Origin, outcome, and nursing care. Nurs. Clin. N. Am. 1991;26:601–612.
    1. WHO . WHO Fact Sheets. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2018. Depression.
    1. Knott L., Avery N., Hollander A., Tarlton J. Regulation of osteoarthritis by omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in a naturally occurring model of disease. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2011;19:1150–1157. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.06.005.
    1. Mabey T., Honsawek S. Role of Vitamin D in Osteoarthritis: Molecular, Cellular, and Clinical Perspectives. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2015;2015:1–14. doi: 10.1155/2015/383918.
    1. Shen C.-L., Smith B.J., Lo D.-F., Chyu M.-C., Dunn D.M., Chen C.-H., Kwun I.-S. Dietary polyphenols and mechanisms of osteoarthritis. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012;23:1367–1377. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.04.001.
    1. Veronese N., Stubbs B., Noale M., Solmi M., Luchini C., Smith T.O., Cooper C., Guglielmi G., Reginster J.Y., Rizzoli R., et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with lower prevalence of osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Clin. Nutr. 2017;36:1609–1614. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.035.
    1. Barbour K.E., Boudreau R., Danielson M.E., Youk A.O., Wactawski-Wende J., Greep N.C., Lacroix A.Z., Jackson R.D., Wallace R.B., Bauer D.C., et al. Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Hip Fracture: The Women’s Health Initiative. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2012;27:1167–1176. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.1559.
    1. Cauley J.A., Danielson M.E., Boudreau R.M., Forrest K.Y.Z., Zmuda J.M., Pahor M., Tylavsky F.A., Cummings S.R., Harris T.B., Newman A.B. Inflammatory Markers and Incident Fracture Risk in Older Men and Women: The Health Aging and Body Composition Study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007;22:1088–1095. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.070409.
    1. Sokolove J., Lepus C.M. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Latest findings and interpretations. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis. 2013;5:77–94. doi: 10.1177/1759720X12467868.
    1. Orchard T., Yildiz V., Steck S.E., Hébert J.R., Ma Y., Cauley J.A., Li W., Mossavar-Rahmani Y., Johnson K.C., Sattari M., et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index, Bone Mineral Density, and Risk of Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: Results From the Women’s Health Initiative. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2017;32:1136–1146. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3070.
    1. Na W., Park S., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Kim M.K., Sohn C. Association between Inflammatory Potential of Diet and Bone-Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Data from Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Nutrients. 2019;11:885. doi: 10.3390/nu11040885.
    1. Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Karamati M., Shariati-Bafghi S.E., Rashidkhani B. Increased inflammatory potential of diet is associated with bone mineral density among postmenopausal women in Iran. Eur. J. Nutr. 2016;55:561–568. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0875-4.
    1. Mazidi M., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hebert J.R., Vatanparast H., Kengne A.P. The association between dietary inflammatory properties and bone mineral density and risk of fracture in US adults. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017;71:1273–1277. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.133.
    1. Veronese N., Shivappa N., Stubbs B., Smith T., Hébert J.R., Cooper C., Guglielmi G., Reginster J.-Y., Rizzoli R., Maggi S. The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and prevalence of radiographic symptomatic osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Eur. J. Nutr. 2017;58:253–260. doi: 10.1007/s00394-017-1589-6.
    1. Veronese N., Stubbs B., Koyanagi A., Hebert J.R., Cooper C., Caruso M.G., Guglielmi G., Reginster J.Y., Rizzoli R., Maggi S., et al. Pro-inflammatory dietary pattern is associated with fractures in women: An eight-year longitudinal cohort study. Osteoporos. Int. 2018;29:143–151. doi: 10.1007/s00198-017-4251-5.
    1. Zhang Z.-Q., Cao W.-T., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Li B.-L., He J., Tang X.-Y., Liang Y.-Y., Chen Y.-M. Association between Diet Inflammatory Index and Osteoporotic Hip Fracture in Elderly Chinese Population. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2017;18:671–677. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.02.011.
    1. Cervo M.M., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Oddy W.H., Winzenberg T., Balogun S., Wu F., Ebeling P., Aitken D., Jones G., et al. Longitudinal associations between dietary inflammatory index and musculoskeletal health in community-dwelling older adults. Clin. Nutr. 2019 doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.031.
    1. Morimoto M., Shivappa N., Genaro P.D.S., Martini L.A., Schuch N.J., Hebert J.R., Pinheiro M.M. Lack of association between dietary inflammatory index and low impact fractures in the Brazilian population: The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS) Adv. Rheumatol. 2019;59:16. doi: 10.1186/s42358-019-0059-7.
    1. Amakye W.K., Zhang Z., Wei Y., Shivappa N., Hebert J.R., Wang J., Su Y., Mao L. The relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and muscle mass and strength in Chinese children aged 6–9 years. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2018;27:1315–1324.
    1. Evans C.H., Mears D.C., McKnight J.L. A preliminary ferrographic survey of the wear particles in human synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1981;24:912–918. doi: 10.1002/art.1780240708.
    1. Ginaldi L., Di Benedetto M.C., De Martinis M. Osteoporosis, inflammation and ageing. Immun. Ageing. 2005;2:14. doi: 10.1186/1742-4933-2-14.
    1. Homandberg G.A., Hui F. Association of Proteoglycan Degradation with Catabolic Cytokine and Stromelysin Release from Cartilage Cultured with Fibronectin Fragments. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1996;334:325–331. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1996.0461.
    1. Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology: Shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2007;7:292–304. doi: 10.1038/nri2062.
    1. Martin R., Harvey N.C., Crozier S.R., Poole J.R., Javaid M.K., Dennison E.M., Inskip H.M., Hanson M., Godfrey K.M., Cooper C., et al. Placental calcium transporter (PMCA3) gene expression predicts intrauterine bone mineral accrual. Bone. 2007;40:1203–1208. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.12.060.
    1. Curtis E.M., Krstic N., Cook E., D’Angelo S., Crozier S.R., Moon R.J., Murray R., Garratt E., Costello P., Cleal J., et al. Gestational Vitamin D Supplementation Leads to Reduced Perinatal RXRA DNA Methylation: Results From the MAVIDOS Trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2019;34:231–240. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3603.
    1. Cooper C., Harvey N.C., Bishop N.J., Kennedy S., Papageorghiou A.T., Schoenmakers I., Fraser R., Gandhi S.V., Carr A., D’Angelo S., et al. Maternal gestational vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone health (MAVIDOS): A multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:393–402. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00044-9.
    1. Robinson D.P., Klein S.L. Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Horm. Behav. 2012;62:263–271. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.023.
    1. Ingvorsen C., Brix S., Ozanne S.E., Hellgren L.I. The effect of maternal Inflammation on foetal programming of metabolic disease. Acta Physiol. 2015;214:440–449. doi: 10.1111/apha.12533.
    1. Girard S., Tremblay L., Lepage M., Sébire G. IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Protects against Placental and Neurodevelopmental Defects Induced by Maternal Inflammation. J. Immunol. 2010;184:3997–4005. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903349.
    1. Sureshchandra S., Marshall N.E., Wilson R.M., Barr T., Rais M., Purnell J.Q., Thornburg K.L., Messaoudi I. Inflammatory Determinants of Pregravid Obesity in Placenta and Peripheral Blood. Front. Physiol. 2018;9:1089. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01089.
    1. Segovia S.A., Vickers M.H., Gray C., Reynolds C.M. Maternal Obesity, Inflammation, and Developmental Programming. BioMed Res. Int. 2014;2014:1–14. doi: 10.1155/2014/418975.
    1. Jaenisch R., Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: How the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nat. Genet. 2003;33:245–254. doi: 10.1038/ng1089.
    1. Barker D., Osmond C. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in england and wales. Lancet. 1986;327:1077–1081. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)91340-1.
    1. Vansant G.W.S., Godderis L. Effect of maternal and paternal nutrition on DNA methylation in the offspring: A systematic review of human and animal studies. Adv. Obes. Weight Manag. Control. 2016;4:81–97. doi: 10.15406/aowmc.2016.04.00093.
    1. Rakyan V.K., Blewitt M.E., Druker R., Preis J.I., Whitelaw E. Metastable epialleles in mammals. Trends Genet. 2002;18:348–351. doi: 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02709-9.
    1. James P.T., Dominguez-Salas P., Hennig B.J., Moore S.E., Prentice A.M., Silver M.J. Maternal One-Carbon Metabolism and Infant DNA Methylation between Contrasting Seasonal Environments: A Case Study from The Gambia. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2019;3:nzy082. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzy082.
    1. Sen S., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Shivappa N., Wirth M.D., Hebert J.R., Gold D.R., Gillman M.W., Oken E. Associations of prenatal and early life dietary inflammatory potential with childhood adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in Project Viva. Pediatr. Obes. 2018;13:292–300. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12221.
    1. Moore B.F., Sauder K.A., Starling A.P., Hebert J.R., Shivappa N., Ringham B.M., Glueck D.H., Dabelea D. Proinflammatory Diets during Pregnancy and Neonatal Adiposity in the Healthy Start Study. J. Pediatr. 2018;195:121–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.10.030.
    1. McCullough L.E., Miller E.E., Calderwood L.E., Shivappa N., Steck S.E., Forman M.R., Mendez M.A., Maguire R., Fuemmeler B.F., Kollins S.H., et al. Maternal inflammatory diet and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Circulating cytokines and genomic imprinting as potential regulators? Epigenetics. 2017;12:688–697. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1347241.
    1. Hill A.B. Observation and Experiment. N. Engl. J. Med. 1953;248:3–9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195306112482401.
    1. Hill A.B. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1965;58:295–300. doi: 10.1177/003591576505800503.
    1. Hebert J.R., Frongillo E.A., Adams S.A., Turner-McGrievy G.M., Hurley T.G., Miller D.R., Ockene I.S. Perspective: Randomized Controlled Trials Are Not a Panacea for Diet-Related Research. Adv. Nutr. 2016;7:423–432. doi: 10.3945/an.115.011023.
    1. Hebert J.R., Hurley T.G., Steck S.E., Miller D.R., Tabung F.K., Peterson K.E., Kushi L.H., Frongillo E.A. Considering the value of dietary assessment data in informing nutrition-related health policy. Adv. Nutr. 2014;5:447–455. doi: 10.3945/an.114.006189.
    1. Fraser A., Macdonald-Wallis C., Tilling K., Boyd A., Golding J., Davey Smith G., Henderson J., Macleod J., Molloy L., Ness A., et al. Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2013;42:97–110. doi: 10.1093/ije/dys066.
    1. Heude B., Forhan A., Slama R., Douhaud L., Bedel S., Saurel-Cubizolles M.J., Hankard R., Thiebaugeorges O., De Agostini M., Annesi-Maesano I., et al. Cohort Profile: The EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2016;45:353–363. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv151.
    1. Inskip H.M., Godfrey K.M., Robinson S.M., Law C.M., Barker D.J., Cooper C., SWS Study Group Cohort profile: The Southampton Women’s Survey. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2006;35:42–48. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyi202.
    1. Kelleher C.C., Viljoen K., Khalil H., Somerville R., O’Brien J., Shrivastava A., Murrin C., Lifeways Cross-Generation Cohort Study Steering Group Longitudinal follow-up of the relationship between dietary intake and growth and development in the Lifeways cross-generation cohort study 2001–2003. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2014;73:118–131. doi: 10.1017/S002966511300373X.
    1. Kooijman M.N., Kruithof C.J., van Duijn C.M., Duijts L., Franco O.H., van IJzendoorn M.H., de Jongste J.C., Klaver C.C.W., van der Lugt A., Mackenbach J.P., et al. The Generation R Study: Design and cohort update 2017. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2016;31:1243–1264. doi: 10.1007/s10654-016-0224-9.
    1. Polańska K., Hanke W., Król A., Potocka A., Waszkowska M., Jacukowicz A., Jerzyńska J., Stelmach W., Stelmach I., Gromadzińska J., et al. Polish mother and child cohort study (REPRO_PL)—Methodology of the follow-up of the children at the age of 7. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 2016;29:883–893. doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00811.
    1. Walsh J.M., McGowan C.A., Mahony R., Foley M.E., McAuliffe F.M. Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy to prevent macrosomia (ROLO study): Randomised control trial. BMJ. 2012;345:e5605. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e5605.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe