Consumption of a High-Protein Meal Replacement Leads to Higher Fat Oxidation, Suppression of Hunger, and Improved Metabolic Profile After an Exercise Session

Camila L P Oliveira, Normand G Boulé, Aloys Berg, Arya M Sharma, Sarah A Elliott, Mario Siervo, Sunita Ghosh, Carla M Prado, Camila L P Oliveira, Normand G Boulé, Aloys Berg, Arya M Sharma, Sarah A Elliott, Mario Siervo, Sunita Ghosh, Carla M Prado

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of a high-protein meal replacement (HP-MR) versus a control (CON) breakfast on exercise metabolism. In this acute, randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants were allocated into two isocaloric arms: (a) HP-MR: 30% carbohydrate, 43% protein, and 27% fat; (b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. Following breakfast, participants performed a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Energy expenditure, macronutrient oxidation, appetite sensations, and metabolic blood markers were assessed. Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (24 males) participated. Compared to the CON breakfast, the HP-MR produced higher fat oxidation (1.07 ± 0.33 g/session; p = 0.003) and lower carbohydrate oxidation (-2.32 ± 0.98 g/session; p = 0.023) and respiratory exchange ratio (-0.01 ± 0.00; p = 0.003) during exercise. After exercise, increases in hunger were lower during the HP-MR condition. Changes in blood markers from the fasting state to post-exercise during the HP-MR condition were greater for insulin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, and glucagon-like peptide 1, and lower for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and glycerol. Our primary findings were that an HP-MR produced higher fat oxidation during the exercise session, suppression of hunger, and improved metabolic profile after it.

Keywords: appetite; energy metabolism; exercise; meal replacement; protein.

Conflict of interest statement

This was an investigator-initiated trial supported by Almased Wellness GmbH (Bienenbüttel, Germany). Per contractual agreement, the funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. C.L.P.O. received travel fees from Almased Wellness GmbH. A.M.S. and C.M.P. received travel and speaker fees unrelated to this study. A.B. received consulting fees. C.M.P. is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research New Investigator Salary Award, and a Campus Alberta Innovates Program.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Overview of the experimental protocol and (b) activities performed during each condition. Abbreviations: CON: control; HP-MR: high-protein meal replacement; REE: resting energy expenditure; WBCU: whole-body calorimetry unit.
Figure 2
Figure 2
CONSORT flow diagram. CON, control diet; CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; HP-MR, high-protein meal replacement. Adapted from Oliveira, Boulé, Sharma, Elliott, Siervo, Ghosh, Berg, and Prado [25].
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Energy expenditure (EE), (b) respiratory exchange ratio (RER), (c) carbohydrate oxidation and (d) fat oxidation, during the exercise session following the consumption of the isocaloric high-protein meal replacement (HP-MR) and control (CON) breakfasts while participants were inside the whole-body calorimetry unit. Values are mean ± standard deviation. n = 43 (females n = 19; males n = 24). p-values represent significant difference between the HP-MR and CON groups, as assessed by mixed analysis of variance.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes in appetite sensations from after breakfast to after the exercise session during the HP-MR and CON intervention phases in (a) all participants (n = 43), (b) females (n = 19), and (c) males (n = 24). Values are mean ± standard deviation. * Significant difference (p = 0.014) in all participants (n = 43) between the HP-MR and CON interventions, as assessed by mixed analysis of variance. † Significant difference (p = 0.019) in females (n = 19) between the HP-MR and CON interventions, as assessed by mixed analysis of variance. Abbreviations: CON: control, standard North American diet; HP-MR: high-protein meal replacement; PFC: prospective food consumption.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Composite satiety score during the HP-MR and CON interventions in (a) all participants (n = 43), (b) females (n = 19), and (c) males (n = 24). Data are mean ± standard deviation. * Significant difference (p < 0.03) between the HP-MR and CON diets, as assessed by a mixed analysis of variance. Abbreviations: CON: control, standard North American diet; CSS: composite satiety score; HP-MR: high-protein meal replacement.

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