Exercise with weight loss improves adipose tissue and skeletal muscle markers of fatty acid metabolism in postmenopausal women

Heidi K Ortmeyer, Andrew P Goldberg, Alice S Ryan, Heidi K Ortmeyer, Andrew P Goldberg, Alice S Ryan

Abstract

Objective: The effects of 6-month weight loss (WL) versus aerobic exercise training (AEX)+WL on fat and skeletal muscle markers of fatty acid metabolism were determined in normal (NGT) and impaired (IGT) glucose tolerant African-American and Caucasian postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity.

Methods: Fat (gluteal and abdominal) lipoprotein lipase (LPL), skeletal muscle LPL, acyl-CoA synthase (ACS), ß-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1), and citrate synthase (CS) activities were measured at baseline (n = 104) and before and after WL (n = 34) and AEX+WL (n = 37).

Results: After controlling for age and race, muscle LPL and CPT-1 were lower in IGT, and the ratios of fat/muscle LPL activity were higher in IGT compared to NGT. Muscle LPL was related to insulin sensitivity (M value) and inversely related to G120 , fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. AEX+WL decreased abdominal fat LPL and increased muscle LPL, ACS, and CS. The ratios of fat/muscle LPL decreased after AEX+WL. The change in VO2 max was related to the changes in LPL, ACS, and CS and inversely related to the changes in fat/muscle LPL activity ratios.

Conclusions: Six-month AEX+WL, and not WL alone, is capable of enhancing skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women with NGT, IGT, and overweight/obesity.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00882141.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest disclosure statement: The authors have nothing to disclose.

© 2017 The Obesity Society.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Baseline intramuscular adipose tissue and enzyme activities in African-American (AA) (gray bars) and Caucasian (Cau) women (white bars) with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (clear bars) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (striped bars). Data presented after controlling for age. Panel A: Gluteal fat lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is not different between groups. n= 15 (AA NGT), 11 (AA IGT), 33 (Cau NGT), 14 (Cau IGT). Panel B: Abdominal fat lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is not different between groups. n= 15 (AA NGT), 11 (AA IGT), 33 (Cau NGT), 14 (Cau IGT). Panel C: Muscle LPL activity is higher in NGT than IGT. n= 15 (AA NGT), 9 (AA IGT), 41 (Cau NGT), 14 (Cau IGT). Panel D: The ratio of gluteal fat/muscle LPL activity is higher in IGT than in NGT women. n= 13 (AA NGT), 9 (AA IGT), 32 (Cau NGT), 12 (Cau IGT). Panel E: The ratio of abdominal fat/muscle LPL activity is higher in IGT than in NGT women. n= 13 (AA NGT), 9 (AA IGT), 32 (Cau NGT), 12 (Cau IGT). Panel F: Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is higher in AA than in Cau women. n= 21 (AA NGT), 19 (AA IGT), 54 (Cau NGT), 16 (Cau IGT). Panel G: Muscle acyl-CoA synthase (ACS) activity is not different between groups. n= 21 (AA NGT), 17 (AA IGT), 52 (Cau NGT), 14 (Cau IGT). Panel H: Muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) activity is higher in NGT than IGT. n= 13 (AA NGT), 11 (AA IGT), 31 (Cau NGT), 13 (Cau IGT). Panel I: Muscle β-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activity is not different between groups. n= 20 (AA NGT), 18 (AA IGT), 50 (Cau NGT), 15 (Cau IGT). Panel J: Muscle citrate synthase (CS) activity is not different between groups. n= 21 (AA NGT), 18 (AA IGT), 50 (Cau NGT), 15 (Cau IGT).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of interventions, Weight Loss (white bars) vs. Aerobic Exercise Training + Weight Loss (gray bars), on enzyme activities (percent change from baseline). The percent change data were calculated as the average of the individual differences between pre and post value, divided by the pre value, multiplied by 100. The data shown are the average and SE of the individual data points. Data presented after controlling for race, glucose tolerance status, and age. There were significant effects of intervention on muscle LPL activity, the ratio of gluteal fat/muscle LPL activity, and the ratio of abdominal fat/muscle LPL activity. There were overall effects for gluteal and abdominal fat LPL, muscle ACS, and muscle CPT-1 activities.

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