Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals

Ian D Cameron, Suzanne M Dyer, Claire E Panagoda, Geoffrey R Murray, Keith D Hill, Robert G Cumming, Ngaire Kerse, Ian D Cameron, Suzanne M Dyer, Claire E Panagoda, Geoffrey R Murray, Keith D Hill, Robert G Cumming, Ngaire Kerse

Abstract

Background: Falls in care facilities and hospitals are common events that cause considerable morbidity and mortality for older people. This is an update of a review first published in 2010 and updated in 2012.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions designed to reduce the incidence of falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (August 2017); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2017, Issue 8); and MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and trial registers to August 2017.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of interventions for preventing falls in older people in residential or nursing care facilities, or hospitals.

Data collection and analysis: One review author screened abstracts; two review authors screened full-text articles for inclusion. Two review authors independently performed study selection, 'Risk of bias' assessment and data extraction. We calculated rate ratios (RaR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for rate of falls and risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs for outcomes such as risk of falling (number of people falling). We pooled results where appropriate. We used GRADE to assess the quality of evidence.

Main results: Thirty-five new trials (77,869 participants) were included in this update. Overall, we included 95 trials (138,164 participants), 71 (40,374 participants; mean age 84 years; 75% women) in care facilities and 24 (97,790 participants; mean age 78 years; 52% women) in hospitals. The majority of trials were at high risk of bias in one or more domains, mostly relating to lack of blinding. With few exceptions, the quality of evidence for individual interventions in either setting was generally rated as low or very low. Risk of fracture and adverse events were generally poorly reported and, where reported, the evidence was very low-quality, which means that we are uncertain of the estimates. Only the falls outcomes for the main comparisons are reported here.Care facilitiesSeventeen trials compared exercise with control (typically usual care alone). We are uncertain of the effect of exercise on rate of falls (RaR 0.93, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.20; 2002 participants, 10 studies; I² = 76%; very low-quality evidence). Exercise may make little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.18; 2090 participants, 10 studies; I² = 23%; low-quality evidence).There is low-quality evidence that general medication review (tested in 12 trials) may make little or no difference to the rate of falls (RaR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.35; 2409 participants, 6 studies; I² = 93%) or the risk of falling (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.09; 5139 participants, 6 studies; I² = 48%).There is moderate-quality evidence that vitamin D supplementation (4512 participants, 4 studies) probably reduces the rate of falls (RaR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.95; I² = 62%), but probably makes little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.12; I² = 42%). The population included in these studies had low vitamin D levels.Multifactorial interventions were tested in 13 trials. We are uncertain of the effect of multifactorial interventions on the rate of falls (RaR 0.88, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.18; 3439 participants, 10 studies; I² = 84%; very low-quality evidence). They may make little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.05; 3153 participants, 9 studies; I² = 42%; low-quality evidence).HospitalsThree trials tested the effect of additional physiotherapy (supervised exercises) in rehabilitation wards (subacute setting). The very low-quality evidence means we are uncertain of the effect of additional physiotherapy on the rate of falls (RaR 0.59, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.34; 215 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0%), or whether it reduces the risk of falling (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.93; 83 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0%).We are uncertain of the effects of bed and chair sensor alarms in hospitals, tested in two trials (28,649 participants) on rate of falls (RaR 0.60, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.34; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence) or risk of falling (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.38 to 2.24; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence).Multifactorial interventions in hospitals may reduce rate of falls in hospitals (RaR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.01; 44,664 participants, 5 studies; I² = 52%). A subgroup analysis by setting suggests the reduction may be more likely in a subacute setting (RaR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.83; 3747 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0%; low-quality evidence). We are uncertain of the effect of multifactorial interventions on the risk of falling (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.09; 39,889 participants; 3 studies; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: In care facilities: we are uncertain of the effect of exercise on rate of falls and it may make little or no difference to the risk of falling. General medication review may make little or no difference to the rate of falls or risk of falling. Vitamin D supplementation probably reduces the rate of falls but not risk of falling. We are uncertain of the effect of multifactorial interventions on the rate of falls; they may make little or no difference to the risk of falling.In hospitals: we are uncertain of the effect of additional physiotherapy on the rate of falls or whether it reduces the risk of falling. We are uncertain of the effect of providing bed sensor alarms on the rate of falls or risk of falling. Multifactorial interventions may reduce rate of falls, although subgroup analysis suggests this may apply mostly to a subacute setting; we are uncertain of the effect of these interventions on risk of falling.

Conflict of interest statement

Four review authors were investigators for seven included studies: ID Cameron (Cumming 2008; Sambrook 2012) and RG Cumming (Barker 2016; Cumming 2008; Sambrook 2012); KD Hill (Barker 2016; Haines 2004; Haines 2011); N Kerse (Kerse 2004; Kerse 2008). Authors did not assess risk of bias in their own trials.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), outcome: 1.1 Rate of falls. NB four additional trials with data unsuitable for pooling reported a reduction in the rate of falls.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), outcome: 1.2 Number of fallers. NB One additional trial with data not suitable for pooling reported no significant reduction in the risk of falling.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 11 Multifactorial interventions vs usual care grouped by level of care (care facilities), outcome: 11.1 Rate of falls.
1.1. Analysis
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
1.3. Analysis
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of fallers.
1.4. Analysis
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 4 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
1.5. Analysis
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 5 Rate of falls, excluding studies with ≤20 participants in each arm.
1.6. Analysis
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 6 Number of fallers, excluding studies with ≤20 participants in each arm.
1.7. Analysis
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 7 Adverse events: aches and pains.
2.1. Analysis
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Care facilities: Exercises vs usual care (grouped by type of exercise), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
2.2. Analysis
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Care facilities: Exercises vs usual care (grouped by type of exercise), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
3.1. Analysis
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
3.2. Analysis
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
4.1. Analysis
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Care facilities: Comparisons of different exercise programs (see Appendix 4 for details), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
4.3. Analysis
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Care facilities: Comparisons of different exercise programs (see Appendix 4 for details), Outcome 3 Number of fallers.
4.4. Analysis
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Care facilities: Comparisons of different exercise programs (see Appendix 4 for details), Outcome 4 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
5.1. Analysis
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
5.2. Analysis
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
5.3. Analysis
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
5.4. Analysis
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 4 Rate of falls post‐hoc sensitivity analysis (excluding Potter 2016).
5.5. Analysis
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events.
6.1. Analysis
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
6.2. Analysis
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
6.3. Analysis
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
6.4. Analysis
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 4 Adverse events.
7.1. Analysis
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Care facilities: Environmental interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
8.1. Analysis
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Care facilities: Social environment vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
8.2. Analysis
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Care facilities: Social environment vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
8.3. Analysis
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Care facilities: Social environment vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
9.1. Analysis
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Care facilities: Psychological interventions vs control, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
9.2. Analysis
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Care facilities: Psychological interventions vs control, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
10.1. Analysis
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Care facilities: Other single interventions vs control, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
10.2. Analysis
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Care facilities: Other single interventions vs control, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
10.3. Analysis
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Care facilities: Other single interventions vs control, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
11.1. Analysis
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Care facilities: Multiple interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
11.2. Analysis
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Care facilities: Multiple interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
11.3. Analysis
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Care facilities: Multiple interventions vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
12.1. Analysis
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
12.2. Analysis
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
12.3. Analysis
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
13.1. Analysis
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
13.2. Analysis
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
14.1. Analysis
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of cognition), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
14.2. Analysis
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of cognition), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
15.1. Analysis
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Hospitals: Additional exercises vs usual physiotherapy, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
15.2. Analysis
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Hospitals: Additional exercises vs usual physiotherapy, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
16.1. Analysis
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Hospitals: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
16.2. Analysis
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Hospitals: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
17.1. Analysis
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Hospitals: Vitamin D supplements vs no vitamin D supplements, Outcome 1 Number of fallers.
17.2. Analysis
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 Hospitals: Vitamin D supplements vs no vitamin D supplements, Outcome 2 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
17.3. Analysis
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 Hospitals: Vitamin D supplements vs no vitamin D supplements, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
18.1. Analysis
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Hospitals: Environmental interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
18.2. Analysis
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Hospitals: Environmental interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
19.1. Analysis
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Hospitals: Social environment vs control, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
19.2. Analysis
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Hospitals: Social environment vs control, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
19.3. Analysis
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Hospitals: Social environment vs control, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
20.1. Analysis
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Hospitals: Knowledge/education interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
20.2. Analysis
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 Hospitals: Knowledge/education interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
21.1. Analysis
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
21.2. Analysis
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
21.3. Analysis
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
22.1. Analysis
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by type of care), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
22.2. Analysis
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by type of care), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
22.3. Analysis
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by type of care), Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.

References

References to studies included in this review Aizen 2015 {published data only}

    1. Aizen E, Lutsyk G, Wainer L, Carmeli S. Effectiveness of individualized fall prevention program in geriatric rehabilitation hospital setting: a cluster randomized trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2015;27(5):681‐8.
Ang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ang E, Mordiffi SZ, Wong HB. Evaluating the use of a targeted multiple intervention strategy in reducing patient falls in an acute care hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2011;67(9):1984‐92.
Barker 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ayton DR, Barker AL, Morello RT, Brand CA, Talevski J, Landgren FS, et al. Barriers and enablers to the implementation of the 6‐PACK falls prevention program: A pre‐implementation study in hospitals participating in a cluster randomised controlled trial. PLOS One [Electronic Resource] 2017; Vol. 12, issue 2:e0171932.
    1. Barker A. RE: Queries re: your 6‐pack trial. [personal communication] Email to: S. Dyer 24 October 2016.
    1. Barker A, Brand C, Haines T, Hill K, Brauer S, Jolley D, et al. The 6‐PACK programme to decrease fall‐related injuries in acute hospitals: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Injury Prevention 2011;17(4):e5. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040074]
    1. Barker AL, Morello RT, Ayton DR, Hill KD, Brand CA, Livingston PM, et al. Acceptability of the 6‐PACK falls prevention program: A pre‐implementation study in hospitals participating in a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2017; Vol. 12, issue 2) (no pagination.
    1. Barker AL, Morello RT, Ayton DR, Hill KD, Landgren FS, Brand CA. Development of an implementation plan for the 6‐PACK falls prevention programme as part of a randomised controlled trial: protocol for a series of preimplementation studies. Injury Prevention 2016; Vol. 22, issue 6:446‐52.
    1. Barker AL, Morello RT, Wolfe R, Brand CA, Haines TP, Hill KD, et al. 6‐PACK programme to decrease fall injuries in acute hospitals: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016;352:h6781. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h6781]
    1. Morello R, Barker A, Zavarsek S, Watts JJ, Haines T, Hil K, et al. The 6‐PACK programme to decrease falls and fall‐related injuries in acute hospitals: protocol for an economic evaluation alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial. Injury Prevention 2012;18(2):e2.
    1. Morello RT, Barker AL, Haines T, Zavarsek S, Watts JJ, Hill K, et al. In‐hospital falls and fall‐related injuries: A protocol for a cost of fall study. Injury Prevention 2013;19(5):363.
Beck 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Beck AM. Re: NCT01873456: Trial of multidisciplinary nutrition in nursing home and home‐care. Email to: S Dyer 4 July 2016.
    1. Beck AM, Christensen AG, Hansen BS, Damsbo‐Svendsen S, Kreinfeldt Skovgaard Moller T. Multidisciplinary nutritional support for undernutrition in nursing home and home‐care: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2016;32(2):199‐205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.009]
    1. Beck AM, Gogsig CA, Stenbaek HB, Damsbo‐Svendsen S, Kreinfeldt SM, Boll HE, et al. Study protocol: Cost‐effectiveness of multidisciplinary nutritional support for undernutrition in older adults in nursing home and home‐care: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Nutrition Journal 2014;13(1):86.
    1. Beck Docent AM, Christensen AG, Hansen BS, Damsbo‐Svendsen S, Moller TK. Author response re. "Rehabilitation nutrition for undernourished participants in nursing home and home care: Cluster randomized controlled study". Nutrition 2016; Vol. 32, issue 4:504. [PUBMED: 26803332]
    1. Nishioka S, Wakabayashi H, Maeda K. Rehabilitation nutrition for undernourished participants in nursing home and home care: Cluster randomized controlled study. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2016; Vol. 32, issue 4:503. [PUBMED: 26732831]
Becker 2003 {published data only}
    1. Becker C, Kron M, Lindemann U, Sturm E, Eichner B, Walter‐Jung B, et al. Effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention on falls in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):306‐13.
    1. Becker C, Lindemann U, Nikolaus T. Multifactorial intervention on falls and fractures in nursing homes (abstract). Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 2):18.
    1. Becker C, Walter‐Jung B, Nikolaus T. The other side of hip protectors [letter]. Age and Ageing 2000;29(2):186.
    1. Becker C, Walter‐Jung B, Scapan K, Kron M, Nikolaus T. Effectiveness of multi‐factorial intervention for reducing falls with proximal femoral fractures in homes for the aged and nursing homes. Goals and study design of a population‐based study [Effektivitat einer multifaktoriellen Intervention zur Reduktion von Sturzen mit proximalen Femurfrakturen in Alten‐ und Pflegeheimen. Ziele und Studiendesign einer populationsbasierten Untersuchung]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 1997;30(4):293‐7.
    1. Rapp K, Lamb SE, Buchele G, Lall R, Lindemann U, Becker C. Prevention of falls in nursing homes: subgroup analyses of a randomized fall prevention trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(6):1092‐7.
Bischoff 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bischoff HA, Hannes BS, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003;18(2):343‐51.
Broe 2007 {published data only}
    1. Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff‐Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: A randomized, multiple‐dose study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(2):234‐9.
Buckinx 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Demonceau M, Maquet D, Crielaard JM, Reginster JY, et al. Evaluation of the impact of a 6‐month training by whole body vibration on the risk of falls among nursing home residents. Osteoporosis International. 2013;24(1 Suppl):S243. [Conference Abstract P435]
    1. Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Maquet D, Crielaard JM, Reginster JY, Bruyere O. What are the clinical characteristics of patients improving their gait and body balance with whole body vibration? Results of a 3‐month randomized controlled trial. 9th Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, EUGMS13; 2013; Venice, Italy. 2013.
    1. Beaudart C, Maquet D, Mannarino M, Buckinx F, Demonceau M, Crielaard JM, et al. Effects of 3 months of short sessions of controlled whole body vibrations on the risk of falls among nursing home residents. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13:42.
    1. Buckinx F. Re: Trial NCT 01759680: 6 month whole body vibration training in nursing home residents [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 14 July 2016.
    1. Buckinx F, Beaudart C, Demonceau M, Maquet D, Crielaard JM, Reginster JY, et al. Impact of a 6‐month training by whole body vibration on functional and motor abilities among nursing home residents observed over a 12‐months period. 9th Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, EUGMS13; 2013; Venice, Italy. 2013:S55.
    1. Buckinx F, Beaudart C, Maquet D, Demonceau M, Crielaard JM, Reginster JY, et al. Evaluation of the impact of 6‐month training by whole body vibration on the risk of falls among nursing home residents, observed over a 12‐month period: a single blind, randomized controlled trial. Aging‐Clinical & Experimental Research 2014;26(4):369‐76.
Buettner 2002 {published data only}
    1. Buettner LL. Efficacy of prescribed therapeutic recreation protocols on falls and injuries in nursing home residents with dementia (Research monograph). Fort Myers (FL): Florida Gulf Coast University, 2001. [ISBN‐13: 978‐1889435190]
    1. Buettner LL. Focus on caregiving. Falls prevention in dementia populations. Provider 2002;28(2):41‐3.
Burleigh 2007 {published data only}
    1. Burleigh E, McColl J, Potter J. Does vitamin D stop inpatients falling? A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2007;36(5):507‐13.
    1. Burleigh E, Potter J, McColl J. Does vitamin D stop hospital inpatients falling? ‐ a randomised controlled trial [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2006;35(Suppl 3):i40.
    1. Burleigh E, Potter J, McColl J. Does vitamin D stop hospital inpatients falling? A randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Internal Medicine Journal 2006;36(Suppl 5):A165.
    1. ISRCTN18282824. Does vitamin D stop inpatients falling? ‐ a randomised control trial. controlled‐ (first received 25 August 2005).
Cadore 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cadore EL, Casas‐Herrero A, Zambom‐Ferraresi F, Idoate F, Millor N, Gomez M, et al. Multicomponent exercises including muscle power training enhance muscle mass, power output, and functional outcomes in institutionalized frail nonagenarians. Age 2014;36(2):773‐85.
    1. Izquierdo M. Re: Your trial of multicomponent exercises in institutionalised frail elderly [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 5 October 2016.
Chapuy 2002 {published data only}
    1. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: Confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: The Decalyos II study. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(3):257‐64.
Chenoweth 2009 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12608000084381. Dementia Care Mapping in residential aged care. (first received 14 February 2008).
    1. Chenoweth L, King MT, Jeon YH, Brodaty H, Stein‐Parbury J, Norman R, et al. Caring for Aged Dementia Care Resident Study (CADRES) of person‐centred care, dementia‐care mapping, and usual care in dementia: a cluster‐randomised trial. [Erratum appears in Lancet Neurology 09;8(5):419]. Lancet Neurology 2009;8(4):317‐25.
    1. Norman R, Haas M, Chenoweth L, Jeon Y‐H, King M, Brodaty H, et al. Dementia care mapping and patient‐centred care in Australian residential homes: an economic evaluation of the CARE Study. Sydney: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, 2008.
Choi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Choi JH, Moon JS, Song R. Effects of Sun‐style Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness and fall prevention in fall‐prone older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2005;51(2):150‐7.
Clifton 2009 {unpublished data only}
    1. Clifton GD, Shonkwiler JS, Kelly KE. Report of a randomized, controlled trial to assess reduction in falls and related injuries using the FallSaver™ position monitor. Unpublished report 2009.
    1. NCT00249743. Clinical evaluation of a wireless monitoring device to reduce falls in the elderly and others at high risk of falling. (first received 03 November 2005).
Colon‐Emeric 2013 {published data only}
    1. Colon‐Emeric C. RE: CONNECT for better fall prevention in nursing homes: Results from a pilot intervention study. Email to: C Panagoda. 12 July 2016.
    1. Colon‐Emeric C, Pinheiro SM, Simpson K, Porter K, Corazzini K, Anderson RA. Improving uptake of a falls educational program by focusing on staff interactions. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Conference 2012 May 3‐5; Seattle (WA) 2012;60(Suppl s4):S157. [C74]
    1. Colon‐Emeric CS, McConnell E, Pinheiro S, Corazzini K, Porter K, Anderson R. CONNECT for fall prevention: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Conference 2013 May 3‐5; Grapevine (TX) 2013;61(Suppl s1):S1. [P2]
    1. Colon‐Emeric CS, McConnell E, Pinheiro SO, Corazzini K, Porter K, Earp KM, et al. CONNECT for better fall prevention in nursing homes: results from a pilot intervention study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(12):2150‐9.
    1. Colon‐Emeric CS, Pinheiro SO, Anderson RA, Porter K, McConnell E, Corazzini K, et al. Connecting the learners: improving uptake of a nursing home educational program by focusing on staff interactions. Gerontologist 2014;54(3):446‐59.
    1. NCT00836433. CONNECT for better falls prevention in VA Community Living Centers. (first received 02 February 2009).
Cox 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cox H, Puffer S, Morton V, Cooper C, Hodson J, Masud T, et al. Educating nursing home staff on fracture prevention: a cluster randomised trial. Age and Ageing 2008;37(2):167‐72.
Crotty 2004a {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Rowett D, Spurling L, Giles LC, Phillips PA. Does the addition of a pharmacist transition coordinator improve evidence‐based medication management and health outcomes in older adults moving from the hospital to a long‐term care facility? Results of a randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 2004;2(4):257‐64.
Crotty 2004b {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Whitehead C, Rowett D, Halbert J, Weller D, Finucane P, et al. An outreach intervention to implement evidence based practice in residential care: A randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN67855475]. BMC Health Services Research 2004;4(1):6.
Cumming 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cumming RG, Sherington C, Lord SR, Simpson JM, Vogler C, Cameron ID, et al. Cluster randomised trial of a targeted multifactorial intervention to prevent falls among older people in hospital. BMJ 2008;336(7647):758‐60.
da Silva Borges 2014 {published data only}
    1. Silva Borges E, Souza Vale RG, Cader SA, Leal S, Miguel F, Pernambuco CS, et al. Postural balance and falls in elderly nursing home residents enrolled in a ballroom dancing program. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2014;59(2):312‐6.
Donald 2000 {published data only}
    1. Donald IP, Pitt K, Armstrong E, Shuttleworth H. Preventing falls on an elderly care rehabilitation ward. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000;14(2):178‐85.
Dyer 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dyer CA, Taylor GJ, Halpin M, Dyer CA, Robertson DR, Harrington R. Falls prevention in residential homes: a randomised controlled trial (abstract). Age and Ageing 2003;32(Suppl 1):16.
    1. Dyer CA, Taylor GJ, Reed M, Dyer CA, Robertson DR, Harrington R. Falls prevention in residential care homes: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2004;33(6):596‐602.
    1. N0037081503. Preventing falls in residential homes: a multi‐agency pilot study. (accessed 04 March 2012).
Dykes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dykes PC, Carroll DL, Hurley A, Lipsitz S, Benoit A, Chang F, et al. Fall prevention in acute care hospitals: A randomized trial. JAMA ‐ Journal of the American Medical Association 2010;304(17):1912‐8.
Faber 2006 {published data only}
    1. Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, Chin A, Paw MJ, Wieringen PC. Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre‐frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2006;87(7):885‐96.
Flicker 2005 {published data only}
    1. Flicker L, MacInnis R, Stein M, Scherer S, Mead K, Nowson C, et al. Erratum: Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (2005) 53 (1881‐1888)). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60(8):1599.
    1. Flicker L, MacInnis R, Stein M, Scherer S, Mead K, Nowson C, et al. Should all older people in residential care be supplemented with vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomised trial [abstract]. 14th National conference on falls and postural instability 2003 Sept 8; London.
    1. Flicker L, MacInnis R, Stein M, Scherer S, Mead K, Nowson C, et al. Should all older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomised trial [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(Suppl 1):S99.
    1. Flicker L, MacInnis R, Stein M, Scherer S, Mead K, Nowson C, et al. Should older people in residential care receive Vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(11):1881‐8.
    1. Flicker L, MacInnis R, Stein M, Scherer S, Mead K, Nowson C, et al. Vitamin D to prevent falls in older people in residential care. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;14 Suppl:S18.
Frankenthal 2014 {published data only}
    1. Frankenthal D, Israeli A, Caraco Y, Kalendaryev E, Zandman‐Goddard G, Lerman Y. Long‐term outcomes of medication intervention using the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2017; Vol. 65, issue 2:e33‐8.
    1. Frankenthal D, Kalendaryev E, Lerman Y. Intervention with the STOPP/START criteria among elderly residents of a chronic geriatric facility: A randomized clinical trial. 10th International Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society ‐ Geriatric Medicine Crossing Borders, EUGMS14; 2014; Rotterdam, Netherlands. 2014:S69.
    1. Frankenthal D, Lerman Y, Kalendaryev E, Lerman Y. Intervention with the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions/screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria in elderly residents of a chronic geriatric facility: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2014;62(9):1658‐65.
    1. Frankenthal D, Lerman Y, Lerman Y, Kalendaryev E. Response to Lavan and colleagues. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015; Vol. 63, issue 5:1044‐5. [PUBMED: 25989578]
    1. Lavan AH, O'Mahony D, Gallagher P. Comments on "intervention with the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions/screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria in elderly residents of a chronic geriatric facility: a randomized clinical trial". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015; Vol. 63, issue 5:1043‐4. [PUBMED: 25989577]
    1. NCT01602744. Wolfson Medical Center. The use of STOPP/START criteria for medication intervention among elderly population living in a geriatric hospital. (first received 1 May 2012).
Fu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fu AS, Gao KL, Tung AK, Tsang WW, Kwan MM. Effectiveness of exergaming training in reducing risk and incidence of falls in frail older adults with a history of falls. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2015;96(12):2096‐102.
    1. Tsang WW, Fong SS, Tung KK, Fu AS. Is virtual reality exercise effective in reducing falls among older adults with a history of falls?. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom). World Confederation for Physical Therapy Congress 2015;101:Suppl 1. [Conference Abstract 201552]
Garcia Gollarte 2014 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Gollarte F, Baleriola‐Julvez J, Ferrero‐Lopez I, Cuenllas‐Diaz A, Cruz‐Jentoft AJ. An educational intervention on drug use in nursing homes improves health outcomes resource utilization and reduces inappropriate drug prescription. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2014;15(12):885‐91.
Grieger 2009 {published data only}
    1. Grieger JA, Nowson CA, Jarman HF, Malon R, Ackland LM. Multivitamin supplementation improves nutritional status and bone quality in aged care residents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(4):558‐65.
Haines 2004 {published data only}
    1. Haines TP, Bennell KL, Osborne RH, Hill KD. Effectiveness of targeted falls prevention programme in subacute hospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;328(7441):676‐9.
    1. Haines TP, Hill KD, Bennell KL, Osborne RH. Additional exercise for older subacute hospital inpatients to prevent falls: benefits and barriers to implementation and evaluation. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(8):742‐53.
    1. Haines TP, Hill KD, Bennell KL, Osborne RH. Patient education to prevent falls in subacute care. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20(11):970‐9.
Haines 2010 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12609000243213. Cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of low‐low beds for the prevention of in‐hospital falls. (first received 12 May 2009).
    1. Haines TP, Bell RA, Varghese PN. Pragmatic, cluster randomized trial of a policy to introduce low‐low beds to hospital wards for the prevention of falls and fall injuries. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(3):435‐41.
Haines 2011 {published data only}
    1. Haines TP, Hill AM, Hill KD, Brauer SG, Hoffmann T, Etherton‐Beer C, et al. Cost effectiveness of patient education for the prevention of falls in hospital: economic evaluation from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2013;11:135.
    1. Haines TP, Hill AM, Hill KD, McPhail S, Oliver D, Brauer S, et al. Patient education to prevent falls among older hospital inpatients: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(6):516‐24.
    1. Hill AM, Hill K, Brauer S, Oliver D, Hoffmann T, Beer C, et al. Evaluation of the effect of patient education on rates of falls in older hospital patients: Description of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2009;9:14.
    1. Hill AM, Hoffmann T, Beer C, McPhail S, Hill KD, Oliver D, et al. Falls after discharge from hospital: is there a gap between older peoples' knowledge about falls prevention strategies and the research evidence?. Gerontologist 2011;51(5):653‐62.
    1. Hill AM, Hoffmann T, Haines TP. Circumstances of falls and falls‐related injuries in a cohort of older patients following hospital discharge. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2013;8:765‐74.
    1. Hill AM, Hoffmann T, McPhail S, Beer C, Hill KD, Oliver D, et al. Evaluation of the sustained effect of inpatient falls prevention education and predictors of falls after hospital discharge‐‐follow‐up to a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2011;66(9):1001‐12.
Healey 2004 {published data only}
    1. Healey F, Monro A, Cockram A, Adams V, Heseltine D. Using targeted risk factor reduction to prevent falls in older in‐patients: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2004;33(4):390‐5.
Hill 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ACTRN12612000877886. Improving older patients' safety in Western Australian hospitals ‐ reducing falls in rehabilitation units. (first received 16 August 2012).
    1. Hill AM, McPhail S, Waldron N, Etherton‐Beer C, Flicker L, Ingram K, et al. Reducing falls in hospital through education to change patient and staff behaviour: A stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):e984.
    1. Hill AM, McPhail SM, Waldron N, Etherton‐Beer C, Ingram K, Flicker L, et al. Fall rates in hospital rehabilitation units after individualised patient and staff education programmes: a pragmatic, stepped‐wedge, cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385(9987):2592‐9.
    1. Hill, AM, Waldron N, Etherton‐Beer C, McPhail SM, Ingram K, Flicker L, et al. A stepped‐wedge cluster randomised controlled trial for evaluating rates of falls among inpatients in aged care rehabilitation units receiving tailored multimedia education in addition to usual care: a trial protocol. BMJ Open 2014;4(1):e004195.
Houghton 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Desborough J. Re: Multi‐professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for the elderly: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial with cost effectiveness analysis [personal communication]. Email to: S. Dyer. 26 July 2016.
    1. Desborough J, Houghton J, Wood J, Wright D, Holland R, Sach T, et al. Multi‐professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for the elderly: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial with cost effectiveness analysis. Trials 2011;12:218.
    1. Desborough J, Somally D. Multi‐professional medication reviews in care homes for older people: What were the interventions in the CAREMED study?. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2014;22(Suppl S2):10. [Abstract 0008]
    1. Houghton J, Kirthisinga V, Desborough JA. Multi‐professional medication reviews in care homes for older people: Results from the CARE MED randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2014;43(suppl 2):ii19‐20. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afu131.5]
    1. ISRCTN90761620. Multi‐professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for the elderly. controlled‐ (first received 21 October 2010).
    1. Sach TH, Desborough J, Houghton J, Holland R, CAREMED study team. Applying micro‐costing methods to estimate the costs of pharmacy interventions: an illustration using multi‐professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for older people. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2015;23:237‐47. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12162]
Huang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Huang TT, Chung ML, Chen FR, Chin YF, Wang BH. Evaluation of a combined cognitive‐behavioural and exercise intervention to manage fear of falling among elderly residents in nursing homes. Aging & Mental Health 2016;20(1):2‐12. [DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1020411]
Imaoka 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Imaoka M. RE: "Intervention for falls: Reduced exercise and vitamin D supplementation among the institutionalized frail elderly" [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 12 September 2016.
    1. Imaoka M, Higuchi Y, Todo E, Hirasima K, Kitagawa T, Ueda T, et al. Intervention for falls: Reduced exercise and vitamin D supplementation among the institutionalized frail elderly. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):e641. [Conference Abstract 201552]
    1. Imaoka M, Higuchi Y, Todu E, Kitagwa T, Ueda T. Low‐frequency exercise and vitamin D supplementation reduce falls among institutionalized frail elderly. International Journal of Gerontology 2016;10(4):202‐6.
Irez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Irez GB, Ozdemir RA, Evin R, Irez SG, Korkusuz F. Integrating pilates exercise into an exercise program for 65+ year‐old women to reduce falls. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 2011;10(1):105‐11.
Jarvis 2007 {published data only}
    1. Clague N, Kerr KM, Mockett SP. A pilot randomised trial to assess the effects of inpatient physiotherapy on falls in the elderly (poster 49). Proceedings of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Annual Congress and Exhibition; 2003 Oct 17‐19; Birmingham (UK). London: Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, 2003:81.
    1. Jarvis N, Kerr K, Mockett S. Pilot study to explore the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial to determine the dose effect of physiotherapy on patients admitted to hospital following a fall. Practical Evidence 2007;2(2):4‐12.
Jensen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jensen J, Lundin‐Olsson L, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Falls and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities. A cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;136(10):733‐41.
    1. Jensen J, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y, Lundin‐Olsson L. Fall and injury prevention in residential care‐effects in residents with higher and lower levels of cognition. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(5):627‐35.
    1. Jensen J, Nyberg L, Rosendahl E, Gustafson Y, Lundin‐Olsson L. Effects of a fall prevention program including exercise on mobility and falls in frail older people living in residential care facilities. Aging‐Clinical & Experimental Research 2004;16(4):283‐92.
Juola 2015 {published data only}
    1. Juola AL, Bjorkman MP, Kautiainen H, Pylkkanen S, Finne‐Soveri UH, Soini H, et al. Nursing staff education to reduce potentially harmful medication use among older people in assisted living facilities: Effects of randomized controlled trial on cognition and falls. 10th International Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society ‐ Geriatric Medicine Crossing Borders, EUGMS14; Rotterdam, Netherlands. 2014. [S51]
    1. Juola AL, Bjorkman MP, Pylkkanen S, Finne‐Soveri H, Soini H, Kautiainen H, et al. Nurse education to reduce harmful medication use in assisted living facilities: effects of a randomized controlled trial on falls and cognition. Drugs and Aging 2015;32(11):947‐55.
    1. Pitkälä KH, Juola AL, Kautiainen H, Soini H, Finne‐Soveri UH, Bell JS, et al. Education to reduce potentially harmful medication use among residents of assisted living facilities: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2014;15(12):892‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.002]
Kennedy 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ioannidis G, Papaioannou A, Kennedy C, Giangregorio L, Pickard L, Johnson J, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in women and men living in long term care (LTC) homes: The vitamin D osteoporosis study (VIDOS). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010;25:S1. [Abstract SU0416]
    1. Kennedy C, Papaioannou A, Ioannidis G, Giangregorio L, Pickard L, Johnson J, et al. The vitamin D in osteoporosis study (VIDOS): A novel knowledge translation initiative in Canadian long‐term care homes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010;25:S1. [Abstract S344]
    1. Kennedy CC, Ioannidis G, Giangregorio LM, Adachi JD, Thabane L, Morin SN, et al. An interdisciplinary knowledge translation intervention in long‐term care: Study protocol for the vitamin D and osteoporosis study (ViDOS) pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Implementation Science 2012;7(1):48.
    1. Kennedy CC, Ioannidis G, Thabane L, Adachi JD, Marr S, Giangregorio LM, et al. Successful knowledge translation intervention in long‐term care: final results from the vitamin D and osteoporosis study (ViDOS) pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2015;16:214.
    1. Papaioannou A, Kennedy C, Ioannidis G, Giangregorio L, Thabane L, Morin S, et al. A successful knowledge translation intervention in long‐term care: Results from the vitamin D and osteoporosis (ViDOS) cluster randomized trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2013;28:Suppl 1. [Abstract SU0394]
    1. Papaioannou A, Marr S, Ioannidis G, Kennedy C, Giangregorio L, Pickard L, et al. Bisphosphonate use in women and men who are at high risk for new fractures and living in long‐term care homes: The vitamin D osteoporosis study (ViDOS). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010;25:S1. [Abstract SA0385]
Kerse 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kerse N, Butler M, Robinson E, Todd M. Fall prevention in residential care: a cluster, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(4):524‐31.
Kerse 2008 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12605000667617. Promoting Independence in residential care. (first received 20 October 2005).
    1. Kerse N, Peri K, Robinson E, Wilkinson T, Randow M, Kiata L, et al. Does a functional activity programme improve function, quality of life, and falls for residents in long term care? Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;337(7675):a1445.
    1. Peri K, Kerse N, Kiata L, Wilkinson T, Robinson E, Parsons J, et al. Promoting independence in residential care: successful recruitment for a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2008;9(4):251‐6.
Klages 2011 {published data only}
    1. Klages K, Zecevic A, Orange JB, Hobson S. Potential of Snoezelen room multisensory stimulation to improve balance in individuals with dementia: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;25(7):607‐16.
Koh 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Koh S. personal communication June 8 2012.
    1. Koh SL, Hafizah N, Lee JY, Loo YL, Muthu R. Impact of a fall prevention programme in acute hospital settings in Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal 2009;50(4):425‐32.
Kovacs 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kovacs E, Toth K, Denes L, Valasek T, Hazafi K, Molnar G, et al. Effects of exercise programs on balance in older women with age‐related visual problems: a pilot study. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2012;55(2):446‐52.
Kovacs 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kovacs E, Sztruhar JI, Karoczi CK, Korpos A, Gondos T. Effects of a multimodal exercise program on balance, functional mobility and fall risk in older adults with cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled single‐blind study. European Journal of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine 2013;49(5):639‐48.
Lapane 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lapane KL, Hughes CM, Daiello LA, Cameron KA, Feinberg J. Effect of a pharmacist‐led multicomponent intervention focusing on the medication monitoring phase to prevent potential adverse drug events in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(7):1238‐45.
Law 2006 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN47348080. A trial of vitamin D in preventing hip fracture. controlled‐ (first received 19 December 2002).
    1. Law M, Withers H, Morris J. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls [reply]. Age and Ageing 2007;36(2):233. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afl176]
    1. Law M, Withers H, Morris J, Anderson F. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls: results of a randomised trial in elderly people in residential accommodation. Age and Ageing 2006;35(5):482‐6.
Mador 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mador JE, Giles L, Whitehead C, Crotty M. A randomized controlled trial of a behavior advisory service for hospitalized older patients with confusion. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2004;19(9):858‐63.
Mayo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Mayo NE, Gloutney L, Levy AR. A randomized trial of identification bracelets to prevent falls among patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1994;75(12):1302‐8.
McMurdo 2000 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo ME, Millar AM, Daly F. A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention strategies in old peoples' homes. Gerontology 2000;46(2):83‐7.
    1. Millar AM, McMurdo MET. A trial of falls prevention [abstract]. Age and Ageing 1999;28(Suppl 1):15.
    1. N0405062690. Preventing falls in residents of old peoples homes. (accessed 13 March 2012).
Meyer 2009 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN37794278. Predicting the risk of falling ‐ efficacy of a risk assessment tool compared to nurses' judgement: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. www.controlled‐ (first received 11 August 2005).
    1. Meyer G, Kopke S, Bender R, Muhlhauser I. Predicting the risk of falling‐‐efficacy of a risk assessment tool compared to nurses' judgement: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN37794278]. BMC Geriatrics 2005;5:14.
    1. Meyer G, Kopke S, Haastert B, Muhlhauser I. Comparison of a fall risk assessment tool with nurses' judgement alone: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2009;38(4):417‐23.
Michalek 2014 {published data only}
    1. Michalek C, Wehling M, Schlitzer J, Frohnhofen H. Effects of "Fit fOR The Aged" (FORTA) on pharmacotherapy and clinical endpoints‐‐a pilot randomized controlled study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2014;70(10):1261‐7.
    1. Wehling M, Kuhn‐Thiel A, Throm C, Burkhardt H, Frohnhofen H, Pazan F, et al. Clinical validation of the FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) List in a prospective randomized controlled clinical study. 11th International Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, EUGMS15; 2015 September 16‐18; Oslo Norway. 2015:S146. [Abstract P‐426; Available from: ]
Mulrow 1994 {published data only}
    1. Mulrow CD, Gerety MB, Kanten DN. Effects of physical therapy on functional status of nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):326‐8.
    1. Mulrow CD, Meghan BG, Kanten D, Cornell JE, DeNino LA, Chioda L, et al. A randomized trial of physical rehabilitation for very frail nursing home residents. JAMA 1994;271(7):519‐24.
Neyens 2009 {published data only}
    1. Neyens JC, Dijcks BP, Twisk J, Schols JM, Haastregt JC, Heuvel WJ, et al. A multifactorial intervention for the prevention of falls in psychogeriatric nursing home patients, a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Age and Ageing 2009;38(2):194‐9.
    1. Neyens JC, Schols JM, Dijcks BP, Haastregt JC, Heuvel WJ, Crebolder HF, et al. Development and implementation of a multifactorial intervention for psychogeriatric nursing home patients targeted on the prevention of falls and fall‐related injuries [Ontwikkeling en implementatie van een multifactoriele interventie gericht op de preventie van valincidenten en de gevolgen daarvan bij psychogeriatrische verpleeghuispatienten]. Tijdschrift voor Verpleeghuisgeneeskunde 2002;26(Special Issue):24‐8.
Nowalk 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nowalk MP, Prendergast JM, Bayles CM, D'Amico FJ, Colvin GC. A randomized trial of exercise programs among older individuals living in two long‐term care facilities: the FallsFREE program. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(7):859‐65.
Patterson 2010 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN18113807. An evaluation of an adapted United States model of pharmaceutical care to improve psychoactive prescribing for nursing home residents in Northern Ireland. controlled‐ (accessed 07 March 2012).
    1. Patterson SM, Hughes CM, Cardwell C, Lapane KL, Murray AM, Crealey GE. A cluster randomized controlled trial of an adapted U.S. model of pharmaceutical care for nursing home residents in Northern Ireland (Fleetwood Northern Ireland study): a cost‐effectiveness analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(4):586‐93.
    1. Patterson SM, Hughes CM, Crealey G, Cardwell C, Lapane KL. An evaluation of an adapted U.S. model of pharmaceutical care to improve psychoactive prescribing for nursing home residents in Northern Ireland (Fleetwood Northern Ireland study). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(1):44‐53.
    1. Patterson SM, Hughes CM, Lapane KL. Assessment of a United States pharmaceutical care model for nursing homes in the United Kingdom. Pharmacy World and Science 2007;29(5):517‐25.
Peyro Saint Paul 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Peyro Saint Paul L, Martin J, Gaillard C, Mosquet B, Coquerel A, Gastine B. Moderate potentially drug‐induced hyponatremia in older adults: benefit in drug reduction. [L'hyponatrémie modérée potentiellement médicamenteuse du sujet âgé : bénéfice de la réduction des medicaments]. Therapie 2013;68(6):341‐6.
    1. Peyro Saint Paul L, Martin J, Gaillard C, Mosquet B, Coquerel A, Gastine B, et al. Moderate, potentially drug‐induced hyponatremia in older adults: is there a benefit in drug reduction?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60(10):1991‐3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04186.x]
    1. Peyro Saint Paul L, Martin J, Mosquet B, Gaillard C, Gastine B. Benefit of pharmacological intervention on drug‐induced mild hyponatremia in elderly: A prospective randomised trial. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 2012;26(Suppl s1):74. [Abstract P229]
Potter 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ACTRN12611000370909. Deprescribing in frail older people: a randomised controlled trial [A randomised controlled trial in frail older people living in residential aged care facilities in Western Australia designed to test the effect of deprescribing on medication burden at one year]. (first received 4 April 2011).
    1. Potter K. Re: Falls data from deprescribing study [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 4 March 2017. [ACTRN12611000370909]
    1. Potter K, Flicker L, Page A, Etherton‐Beer C. Deprescribing in frail older people: a randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2016;11(3):e0149984. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149984]
    1. Potter KB, Flicker L, Beer C. Deprescribing in frail older people: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 2011;109(Suppl s1):1‐176. [Abstract P335]
Ray 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ray WA, Taylor JA, Meador KG, Thapa PB, Brown AK, Kajihara HK, et al. A randomized trial of a consultation service to reduce falls in nursing homes. JAMA 1997;278(7):557‐62.
Rosendahl 2008 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN31631302. The Frail Older People‐Activity and Nutrition [FOPANU] study in Umeå: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. controlled‐ (accessed 09 March 2012).
    1. Littbrand H, Carlsson M, Lundin Olsson L, Lindelöf N, Håglin L, Gustafson Y, et al. Effect of a high‐intensity functional exercise program on functional balance: preplanned subgroup analyses of a randomized controlled trial in residential care facilities. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(7):1274‐82.
    1. Littbrand H, Lundin Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Rosendahl E. The effect of a high‐intensity functional exercise program on activities of daily living: a randomized controlled trial in residential care facilities. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(10):1741‐9.
    1. Littbrand H, Rosendahl E, Lindelof N, Lundin‐Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Nyberg L. A high‐intensity functional weight‐bearing exercise program for older people dependent in activities of daily living and living in residential care facilities: evaluation of the applicability with focus on cognitive function. Physical Therapy 2006;86(4):489‐98.
    1. Rosendahl E. Fall prediction and a high‐intensity functional exercise programme to improve physical functions and to prevent falls among older people living in residential care facilities [thesis]. Umeå, Sweden: Umeå University, 2009.
    1. Rosendahl E, Gustafson Y, Nordin E, Lundin‐Olsson L, Nyberg L. A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention by a high‐intensity functional exercise program for older people living in residential care facilities. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2008;20(1):67‐75.
    1. Rosendahl E, Lindelof N, Littbrand H, Yifter Lindgren E, Nordin E, Lundin Olssen L, et al. High‐intensity functional exercise program for older people dependent in ADL: an RCT evaluating the effects on physical functions and falls [abstract]. Physiotherapy 2007;93(Suppl 1):S377.
    1. Rosendahl E, Lindelof N, Littbrand H, Yifter‐Lindgren E, Lundin‐Olsson L, Haglin L, et al. High‐intensity functional exercise program and protein‐enriched energy supplement for older persons dependent in activities of daily living: a randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2006;52(2):105‐13.
Rubenstein 1990 {published data only}
    1. Rubenstein LZ, Robbins AS, Josephson KR, Schulman BL, Osterweil D. The value of assessing falls in an elderly population. A randomized clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1990;113(4):308‐16.
Sakamoto 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sakamoto K, Nakamura T, Hagino H, Endo N, Mori S, Muto Y, et al. Effects of unipedal standing balance exercise on the prevention of falls and hip fracture among clinically defined high‐risk elderly individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2006;11(5):467‐72.
Sakamoto 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ebihara S, Shannon F, Sakamoto Y, Ebihara T, Kohzuki M. Response Letter to Lakin and Doe...Lakin JR, Doe EW. Something just doesn’t smell quite right. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:313. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013; Vol. 61, issue 2:313‐4.
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000004222. Prevention of fall by lavender oil olfactory stimulation. (accessed 12 June 2012).
    1. Lakin JR, Doe EW. Something just doesn't smell quite right...Sakamoto Y, Ebihara S, Ebihara T, et al. Fall prevention using olfactory stimulation with lavender odor in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1005–1011... [corrected][published erratum appears in J AM GERIATR SOC 2013 Apr; 61(4): 673]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013; Vol. 61, issue 2:313.
    1. Sakamoto Y, Ebihara S, Ebihara T, Tomita N, Toba K, Freeman S, et al. Erratum. Fall prevention using olfactory stimulation with lavender odor in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012; Vol. 60, issue 11:2193.
    1. Sakamoto Y, Ebihara S, Ebihara T, Tomita N, Toba K, Freeman S, et al. Fall prevention using olfactory stimulation with lavender odor in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60(6):1005‐11.
Salvà 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Figuls, M.R. Randomized clinical trial of a fall‐prevention strategy for institutionalized elderly based on the Mini Falls Assessment Instrument [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 11 October 2016. [NCT00888953]
    1. Salvà A, Rojano X, Coll‐Planas L, Domenèch S, Roqué I Figuls M. [Randomized clinical trial of a fall‐prevention strategy for institutionalized elderly based on the Mini Falls Assessment Instrument]. [Spanish]. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia 2016;51(1):18‐24.
Sambrook 2012 {published data only}
    1. Durvasula S, Gies P, Mason RS, Chen JS, Henderson S, Seibel MJ, et al. Vitamin D response of older people in residential aged care to sunlight‐derived ultraviolet radiation. Archives of Osteoporosis 2014;9(1):1‐7.
    1. Durvasula S, Kok C, Sambrook PN, Cumming RG, Lord SR, March LM, et al. Sunlight and health: attitudes of older people living in intermediate care facilities in southern Australia. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2010;51(3):e94‐9.
    1. Durvasula S, Sambrook PN, Cameron ID. Factors influencing adherence with therapeutic sunlight exposure in older people in intermediate care facilities. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2012;54(2):e234‐41.
    1. March LM, Seibell MJ, Simpson JM, Sambrook P, Cameron ID, Durvasula S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of increased sunlight exposure to reduce vitamin D deficiency and falls risk in the elderly [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2009;24(Suppl 1):S73.
    1. NCT00322166. The FREEDOM study: a randomised controlled trial of sunlight and calcium in older people. (first received 4 May 2006).
    1. Sambrook PN, Cameron ID, Chen JS, Cumming RG, Durvasula S, Herrmann M, et al. Does increased sunlight exposure work as a strategy to improve vitamin D status in the elderly: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2012;23(2):615‐24.
    1. Wilson N, Hilmer S, March L, Cameron I, Lord S, Mason R, et al. Physical functioning measures and risk of falling in older people living in residential aged care facilities. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 2011;3(1):9‐15.
    1. Wilson NM, Hilmer SN, March LM, Cameron ID, Lord SR, Seibel MJ, et al. Associations between drug burden index and falls in older people in residential aged care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2011;59(5):875‐80.
    1. Wilson NM, Hilmer SN, March LM, Cameron ID, Lord SR, Seibel MJ, et al. Associations between drug burden index and physical function in older people in residential aged care facilities. Age and Ageing 2010;39(4):503‐7.
Saravanakumar 2014 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000103864, University of Newcastle. Preventing falls in older people in residential care settings: improving balance through Tai Chi and Yoga ‐ a randomised controlled study. (first received 8 January 2012).
    1. Saravanakumar P, Higgins IJ, Riet PJ, Marquez J, Sibbritt D. The influence of tai chi and yoga on balance and falls in a residential care setting: A randomised controlled trial. Contemporary Nurse 2014;48(1):76‐87.
Schnelle 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bates‐Jensen BM, Alessi CA, Al‐Samarrai NR, Schnelle JF. The effects of an exercise and incontinence intervention on skin health outcomes in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):348‐55.
    1. Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF. Translating clinical records into practice. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(9):1476‐83.
    1. Schnelle JF, Kanika K, Alessi C, Osterweil D, Beck JG, Al‐Samarrai N, et al. Does an exercise and incontinence intervention save healthcare costs in a nursing home population?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(2):161‐8.
Schoenfelder 2000 {published data only}
    1. Schoenfelder DP. A fall prevention program for elderly individuals. Exercise in long‐term care settings. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2000;26(3):43‐51.
    1. Schoenfelder DP, Rubenstein LM. An exercise program to improve fall‐related outcomes in elderly nursing home residents. Applied Nursing Research 2004;17(1):21‐31.
Serra‐Rexach 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT00848978. Strength training in nonagenarians (STRONG). (accessed 04 June 2012).
    1. Serra Rexach JA, Ruiz JR, Bustamante‐Ara N, Villaran MH, Gil PG, Sanz Ibanez MJ, et al. Health enhancing strength training in nonagenarians (STRONG): rationale, design and methods. BMC Public Health 2009;9:152.
    1. Serra‐Rexach JA, Bustamante‐Ara N, Hierro Villaran M, Gonzalez Gil P, Sanz Ibanez M, Blanco Sanz N, et al. Short‐term, light‐ to moderate‐intensity exercise training improves leg muscle strength in the oldest old: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(4):594‐602.
Shaw 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chapman KL, Dawson P, Shaw FE, Kenny RA. Physiotherapy intervention for cognitively impaired elderly fallers attending casualty [abstract]. Age and Ageing 1997;26(Suppl 1):13.
    1. Dawson P, Chapman KL, Shaw FE, Kenny RA. Measuring the outcome of physiotherapy in cognitively impaired elderly patients who fall. Physiotherapy 1997;83(7):352.
    1. Shaw FE. Risk modification of falls in older patients with cognitive impaired and dementia attending a casualty department [thesis]. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2001.
    1. Shaw FE, Bond J, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, et al. Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7380):73‐5.
    1. Shaw FE, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, Bond J, et al. Can multidisciplinary intervention prevent falls in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia attending a casualty department (abstract). Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 1):47.
Shimada 2004 {published data only}
    1. Shimada H, Obuchi S, Furuna T, Suzuki T. New intervention program for preventing falls among frail elderly people: The effects of perturbed walking exercise using a bilateral separated treadmill. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;83(7):493‐9.
Shorr 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shorr RI. RE: Information on number of patients. Email to: S. Dyer. 28 November 2016.
    1. Shorr RI, Chandler AM, Kessler LA, Miller ST, Waters TM, Daniels MJ, et al. Trial of proximity alarms to prevent patient falls in hospitals. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(Suppl S1):S103. [Abstract B80]
    1. Shorr RI, Chandler AM, Mion LC, Waters TM, Liu M, Daniels MJ, et al. Effects of an intervention to increase bed alarm use to prevent falls in hospitalized patients: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012;157(10):692‐9.
Sihvonen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sihvonen S, Sipila S, Taskinen S, Era P. Fall incidence in frail older women after individualized visual feedback‐based balance training. Gerontology 2004;50(6):411‐6.
    1. Sihvonen SE, Sipila S, Era PA. Changes in postural balance in frail elderly women during a 4‐week visual feedback training: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontology 2004;50(2):87‐95.
Sitja Rabert 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01375790. Whole‐body vibration training in older people (GERIAPLAT). (first received 16 June 2011).
    1. Sitja‐Rabert M, Martinez‐Zapata MJ, Fort‐Vanmeerhaeghe A, Rey‐Abella F, Romero‐Rodriguez D, Bonfill X. Whole body vibration for older persons: an open randomized, multicentre, parallel, clinical trial. BMC Geriatrics 2011;11:89.
    1. Sitja‐Rabert M, Martinez‐Zapata MJ, Vanmeerhaeghe AF, Abella FR, Romero‐Rodriguez D, Bonfill X. Effects of a whole body vibration (WBV) exercise intervention for institutionalized older people: a randomized, multicentre, parallel, clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2015;16(2):125‐31.
Stenvall 2007 {published data only}
    1. Berggren M, Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Gustafson Y. Evaluation of a fall‐prevention program in older people after femoral neck fracture: A one‐year follow‐up. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(6):801‐9.
    1. Gustafson Y. Outcomes of hip fractures: Rehabilitation programmes: Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation‐a prerequisite for successful treatment of people who have suffered a hip‐fracture. European Geriatric Medicine 2012;3(Suppl S1):S19.
    1. Lundström M, Olofsson B, Stenvall M, Karlsson S, Nyberg L, Englund U, et al. Postoperative delirium in old patients with femoral neck fracture: A randomized intervention study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2007;19(3):178‐86.
    1. Stenvall M, Berggren M, Lundstrom M, Gustafson Y, Olofsson B. A multidisciplinary intervention program improved the outcome after hip fracture for people with dementia‐‐subgroup analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2012;54(3):e284‐e289.
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Englund U, Borssen B, Svensson O, et al. A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(2):167‐75.
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Svensson O, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Inpatient falls and injuries in older patients treated for femoral neck fracture. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2006;43(3):389‐99.
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Nyberg L, Lundstrom M, Gustafson Y. Improved performance in activities of daily living and mobility after a multidisciplinary postoperative rehabilitation in older people with femoral neck fracture: a randomized controlled trial with 1‐year follow‐up. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007;39(3):232‐8.
Streim 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT00076622. Medication treatment for depression in nursing home residents. (first received 28 January 2004).
    1. Streim 2016. NCT00076622 ‐ Trial of antidepressant discontinuation in older residents of long term care facilities [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 3 November 2016.
    1. Streim JE, Di FilippoS, Ten HaveT, Mavandadi S, Weintraub D, Oslin D. Antidepressant discontinuation associated with cognitive decline in older adult residents of long‐term care facilities. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2012;20(Suppl 1):S148‐9.
Tideiksaar 1993 {published data only}
    1. Tideiksaar R, Feiner CF, Maby J. Falls prevention: the efficacy of a bed alarm system in an acute‐care setting. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 1993;60(6):522‐7.
Toulotte 2003 {published data only}
    1. Toulotte C, Fabre C, Dangremont B, Lensel G, Thevenon A. Effects of physical training on the physical capacity of frail, demented patients with a history of falling: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2003;32(1):67‐73.
    1. Toulotte C, Fabre C, Dangremont B, Thevenon A. Prevention of falls by physical training in frail demented and faller elderly subjects [Prevention des chutes par l'entrainement chez des seniors dements et chuteurs]. Revue de Geriatrie 2003;28(3):221‐6.
Treacy 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Treacy 2016. Your trial ACTRN12611000412932 of balance circuit classes in hospital [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 14 October 2016. [ACTRN12611000412932]
    1. Treacy D, Schurr K, Lloyd B, Sherrington C. Additional standing balance circuit classes during inpatient rehabilitation improved balance outcomes: An assessor blinded randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):e1533‐e1534.
    1. Treacy D, Schurr K, Lloyd B, Sherrington C. Additional standing balance circuit classes during inpatient rehabilitation improved balance outcomes: An assessor‐blinded randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2015;44(4):580‐6.
    1. Treacy D, Schurr K, Sherrington C. Balance circuit classes to improve balance among rehabilitation inpatients: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13:75.
Tuunainen 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tuunainen E, Jantti P, Pyykko I, Rasku J, Moisio‐Vilenius P, Makinen E, et al. Intervention to prevent falls in elderly adults living in a residential home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(8):1426‐7.
    1. Tuunainen E, Rasku J, Jantti P, Moisio‐Vilenius P, Makinen E, Toppila E, et al. Postural stability and quality of life after guided and self‐training among older adults residing in an institutional setting. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2013;8:1237‐46.
Van de Ven 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ven G. RE: NTR 2314: Dementia‐care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 7 March 2017. [NTR 2314]
    1. Ven G, Draskovic I, Adang EM, Donders R, Zuidema SU, Koopmans RT, et al. Effects of dementia‐care mapping on residents and staff of care homes: a pragmatic cluster‐randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2013;8(7):e67325. [PUBMED: 23844003]
    1. Ven G, Draskovic I, Adang EM, Donders RA, Post A, Zuidema SU, et al. Improving person‐centred care in nursing homes through dementia‐care mapping: design of a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2012;12:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-1]
    1. Ven G, Draskovic I, Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia‐care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2014;9(1):e86662.
Van Gaal 2011a {published data only}
    1. NCT00365430. SAFE or SORRY? Patient safety study of the prevention of adverse patient outcomes. (accessed 11 March 2012).
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Hulscher ME, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The design of the SAFE or SORRY? study: a cluster randomised trial on the development and testing of an evidence based inpatient safety program for the prevention of adverse events. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:58.
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Hulscher ME, Defloor T, et al. Fewer adverse events as a result of the SAFE or SORRY? programme in hospitals and nursing homes. part i: primary outcome of a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1040‐8.
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, Achterberg T. The SAFE or SORRY? programme. part II: effect on preventive care. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1049‐57.
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Vloet LC, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The effect of the SAFE or SORRY? programme on patient safety knowledge of nurses in hospitals and nursing homes: a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2010;47(9):1117‐25.
Van Gaal 2011b {published data only}
    1. NCT00365430. SAFE or SORRY? Patient safety study of the prevention of adverse patient outcomes. (accessed 11 March 2012).
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Hulscher ME, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The design of the SAFE or SORRY? study: a cluster randomised trial on the development and testing of an evidence based inpatient safety program for the prevention of adverse events. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:58.
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Hulscher ME, Defloor T, et al. Fewer adverse events as a result of the SAFE or SORRY? programme in hospitals and nursing homes. part i: primary outcome of a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1040‐8.
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, Achterberg T. The SAFE or SORRY? programme. part II: effect on preventive care. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1049‐57.
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Vloet LC, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The effect of the SAFE or SORRY? programme on patient safety knowledge of nurses in hospitals and nursing homes: a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2010;47(9):1117‐25.
Van het Reve 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. het Reve E. AW: Strength‐balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: a multicenter randomized‐controlled trial [personal communication]. Email to: C Panagoda 11 September 2016.
    1. het Reve E, Bruin ED. Strength‐balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: a multicenter randomized‐controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2014;14:134.
Wald 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wald HL, Glasheen JJ, Guerrasio J, Youngwerth JM, Cumbler EU. Evaluation of a hospitalist‐run acute care for the elderly service. Journal of Hospital Medicine (Online) 2011;6(6):313‐21.
Walker 2015 {published data only}
    1. Logan PA, Walker G, Gladman JR, Robertson K, Ward M, Armstrong S, et al. A feasibility study of a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate a falls prevention intervention in care homes for older people. European Geriatric Medicine 2014;5(Suppl 1):s240. [Abstract P497]
    1. Walker GM, Armstrong S, Gordon AL, Gladman J, Robertson K, Ward M, et al. The Falls In Care Home study: A feasibility randomized controlled trial of the use of a risk assessment and decision support tool to prevent falls in care homes. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(10):972‐83. Epub 2015 Sep 18. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215515604672]
Ward 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ward JA, Harden M, Gibson RE, Byles JE. A cluster randomised controlled trial to prevent injury due to falls in a residential aged care population. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;192(6):319‐22.
Whitney 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ISRCTN00695885, King's College, Hospital. PROF‐COG prevention of falls in older people with cognitive impairment. (first received 26 March 2013).
    1. Whitney J. RE: PROF‐COG trial ISRCTN00695885 [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer 10 October 2016.
    1. Whitney J, Jackson SH, Martin FC. Feasibility and efficacy of a multi‐factorial intervention to prevent falls in older adults with cognitive impairment living in residential care (ProF‐Cog). A feasibility and pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2017;17(1):115. [PUBMED: 28558714]
Wolf 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wolf K‐H. Re: Trial "Development and pilot study of a bed‐exit alarm based on a body‐worn accelerometer". Email to: S Dyer 9 November 2016.
    1. Wolf, K‐H, Hetzer K, zu Schwabedissen HM, Wiese B, Marschollek M. Development and pilot study of a bed‐exit alarm based on a body‐worn accelerometer. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2013;46(8):727‐33.
Yokoi 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Yokoi H. Re: "short stick exercises for fall prevention among older adults: a cluster randomised trial" [personal communication]. Email to: C Panagoda 19 July 2016.
    1. Yokoi K, Yoshimasu K, Takemura S, Fukumoto J, Kurasawa S, Miyashita K. Short stick exercises for fall prevention among older adults: a cluster randomized trial. Disability & Rehabilitation 2015;37(14):1268‐76.
Zermansky 2006 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN45416155. Can a review of the medication of elderly nursing and residential home patients improve the quality of prescribing and residents' outcomes?. controlled‐ (accessed 04 April 2012).
    1. Zermansky AG, Alldred DP, Petty DR, Raynor DK, Freemantle NE, Eastaugh J, et al. Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes‐randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2006;35(6):586‐91.
References to studies excluded from this review Barreca 2004 {published data only}
    1. Barreca S, Sigouin CS, Lambert C, Ansley BA. Effects of extra training on the ability of stroke survivors to perform an independent sit‐to‐stand: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2004;27(2):59‐68.
Bernhardt 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Collier J, Donnan G. A very early rehabilitation trial for stroke (AVERT): phase II safety and feasibility. Stroke 2008;39(2):390‐6.
Bosner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bosner S, Keller H, Wohner A, Wohner C, Sonnichsen A, Baum E, et al. Prevention of falls by outdoor‐walking in elderly persons at risk ("power") ‐ A pilot study. European Geriatric Medicine 2012;3(1):28‐32.
Bouwen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bouwen A, Lepeleire J, Buntinx F. Rate of accidental falls in institutionalised older people with and without cognitive impairment halved as a result of a staff‐orientated intervention. Age and Ageing 2008;37:306‐10.
Capezuti 1998 {published data only}
    1. Capezuti E. The relationship between physical restraint removal and fall‐related incidents and injuries among nursing home residents [thesis]. Pittsburgh (PA): Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1995.
    1. Capezuti E, Evans L, Strumpf N, Maislin G. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(6):627‐33.
    1. Capezuti E, Maislin G, Strumpf N, Evans LK. Side rail use and bed‐related fall outcomes among nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(1):90‐6.
    1. Capezuti E, Strumpf N, Evans L, Maislin G. Outcomes of nighttime physical restraint removal for severely impaired nursing home residents. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 1999;14(3):157‐64.
    1. Capezuti E, Strumpf NE, Evans LK, Grisso JA, Maislin G. The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1998;53(1):M47‐52.
    1. Evans LK, Strumpf NE, Allen‐Taylor SL, Capezuti E, Maislin G, Jacobsen B. A clinical trial to reduce restraints in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997;45:675‐81.
    1. Siegler EL, Capezuti E, Maislin G, Baumgarten M, Evans L, Strumpf N. Effects of a restraint reduction intervention and OBRA '87 regulations on psychoactive drug use in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1997;45:791‐6.
Crotty 2002 {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Whitehead CH, Gray S, Finucane PM. Early discharge and home rehabilitation after hip fracture achieves functional improvements: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16(4):406‐13.
Cucca 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cucca A, Migdadi H, Son AY, Gallo EC, Fisher SJ, Agarwal S, et al. Feasibility and safety of combining rtms with physical therapy: Preliminary data in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimulation 2017; Vol. 10, issue 4:e63‐4. [1876‐4754]
Cummings 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cummings J, Lyketsos CG, Tariot P, Peskind E, Nguyen U, Knowles N, et al. Dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP‐923) efficacy and safety for treatment of agitation in persons with Alzheimer's disease: Results from a phase 2 study (NCT01584440). American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2015;23(Supplement 3):S165. [Conference Abstract 201512]
Dattalo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dattalo M, Ford J, Kedrowski K, Mahoney J. Bringing healthy aging to scale: Will quality improvement coaching facilitate the dissemination of evidence‐based health promotion programs to rural communities?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015;63(Suppl 1):S134.
Davison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Davison J, Bond J, Dawson P, Steen IN, Kenny RA. Patients with recurrent falls attending Accident & Emergency benefit from multifactorial intervention ‐ a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2005;34(2):162‐8.
de Morton 2007 {published data only}
    1. Morton NA, Keating JL, Berlowitz DJ, Jackson B, Lim WK. Additional exercise does not change hospital or patient outcomes in older medical patients: a controlled clinical trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2007;53(2):105‐11.
de Souto 2016 {published data only}
    1. Souto Barreto P, Denormandie P, Lepage B, Armaingaud D, Rapp T, Chauvin P, et al. Effects of a long‐term exercise programme on functional ability in people with dementia living in nursing homes: Research protocol of the LEDEN study, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016; Vol. 47:289‐95. [1559‐2030]
de Souto 2017 {published data only}
    1. Souto Barreto P, Cesari M, Denormandie P, Armaingaud D, Vellas B, Rolland Y. Exercise or social intervention for nursing home residents with dementia: a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2017; Vol. 65, issue 9:E123‐9. [0002‐8614: 1532‐5415]
DeSure 2013 {published data only}
    1. DeSure AR, Peterson K, Gianan FV, Pang L. An exercise program to prevent falls in institutionalized elderly with cognitive deficits: a crossover pilot study. Hawaii Journal of Medicine & Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health 2013;72(11):391‐5.
Donat 2007 {published data only}
    1. Donat H, Ozcan A. Comparison of the effectiveness of two programmes on older adults at risk of falling: unsupervised home exercise and supervised group exercise. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(3):273‐83.
Drahota 2013 {published data only}
    1. Drahota A, Gal D, Windsor J, Dixon S, Udell J, Ward D, et al. Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of flooring to reduce injuries from falls in elderly care units: study protocol. Injury Prevention 2011;17(6):e7.
    1. Drahota AK, Ward D, Udell JE, Soilemezi D, Ogollah R, Higgins B, et al. Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of flooring to reduce injuries from falls in wards for older people. Age & Ageing 2013;42(5):633‐40.
    1. NCT00817869. The HIP‐HOP flooring study: helping injury prevention in hospitalised older people. (first received 6 January 2009).
Fiatarone 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Doyle N, Clements KM, Roberts SB, Kehayias JJ, et al. The Boston FICSIT study: the effects of resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical frailty in the oldest old. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):333‐7.
    1. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(25):1769‐75.
Forster 2017 {published data only}
    1. Forster A, Airlie J, Birch K, Cicero R, Cundill B, Ellwood A, et al. Research Exploring Physical Activity in Care Homes (REACH): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017; Vol. 18, issue 1:182. [1745‐6215]
Fossey 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fossey J, Ballard C, Juszczak E, James I, Alder N, Jacoby R, et al. Effect of enhanced psychosocial care on antipsychotic use in nursing home residents with severe dementia: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2006;332(7554):756‐61.
Galik 2014 {published data only}
    1. Galik E, Resnick B, Hammersla M, Brightwater J. Optimizing function and physical activity among nursing home residents with dementia: testing the impact of function‐focused care. Gerontologist 2014;54(6):930‐43.
Galik 2015 {published data only}
    1. Galik E, Resnick B, Lerner N, Hammersla M, Gruber‐Baldini AL. Function focused care for assisted living residents with dementia. Gerontologist 2015; Vol. 55:S13‐26.
Gianturco 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gianturco V, Troisi G, Ripani M, Marigliano V. Impact of exoskeleton Human Body Posturizer on the fall risk in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. European Geriatric Medicine 2013;4(Suppl 1):S46.
Ginde 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ginde AA, Blatchford P, Breese K, Zarrabi L, Linnebur SA, Wallace JI, et al. High‐dose monthly vitamin D for prevention of acute respiratory infection in older long‐term care residents: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2017; Vol. 65, issue 3:496‐503.
Graafmans 1996 {published data only}
    1. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HM, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;143(11):1129‐36. [PUBMED: 8633602]
Grant 2005 {published data only}
    1. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low‐trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9471):1621‐8.
Greenspan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan S, Ferchak M, Lee C, Nace D, Perera S, Resnick NM. Are the iom vitamin d guidelines sufficient for long term care residents?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(Suppl s1):S99.
Greenspan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, Nace DA, Resnick NM. Efficacy and safety of single‐dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2015;175(6):913‐21.
Gruber‐Baldini 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gruber‐Baldini AL, Resnick B, Hebel JR, Galik E, Zimmerman S. Adverse events associated with the Res‐Care Intervention. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2011;12(8):584‐9.
Gu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gu MO. personal communication May 22 2012.
    1. Gu MO, Jeon MY, Eun Y. The development & effect of a tailored falls prevention exercise for older adults [Korean]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2006;36(2):341‐52.
Hardin 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hardin SR. RE: FW: "Inpatient Fall Prevention: Use of In‐room Webcams" [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 28 June 2016.
    1. Hardin SR, Dienemann J, Rudisill P, Mills KK. Inpatient fall prevention: use of in‐room Webcams. Journal of Patient Safety 2013;9(1):29‐35.
Harwood 2004 {published data only}
    1. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. Age and Ageing 2004;33(1):45‐51.
Hauer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hauer K, Pfisterer M, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Two years later: a prospective long‐term follow‐up of a training intervention in geriatric patients with a history of severe falls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(10):1426‐32.
    1. Hauer K, Rost B, Rutschle K, Opitz H, Specht N, Bartsch P, et al. Exercise training for rehabilitation and secondary prevention of falls in geriatric patients with a history of injurious falls. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(1):10‐20.
Heiberg 2017 {published data only}
    1. Heiberg KE, Bruun‐Olsen V, Bergland A. The effects of habitual functional training on physical functioning in patients after hip fracture: the protocol of the HIPFRAC study. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:23. [1471‐2318]
Herrmann 2016 {published data only}
    1. Herrmann N, O'Regan J, Ruthirakuhan M, Kiss A, Eryavec G, Williams E, et al. A randomized placebo‐controlled discontinuation study of cholinesterase inhibitors in institutionalized patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2016;17(2):142‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.08.019]
    1. Lanctot KL, Ruthirakuhan M, O'Regan JN, Eryavec G, Williams E, Black SE, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitor discontinuation in institutionalized persons with moderate to severe AD: Results of a double‐blind, placebo controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2015;23(3 Suppl):S172‐3.
Hopman‐Rock 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hopman‐Rock M, Staats PG, Tak EC, Droes R. The effects of a psychomotor activation programme for use in groups of cognitively impaired people in homes for the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999;14:633‐42.
Huang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Huang TT, Liang SH. A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of a discharge planning intervention in hospitalized elders with hip fracture due to falling. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2005;14(10):1193‐201.
Il'nitskii 2014 {published data only}
    1. Il'nitskii AN, Proshchayev KI, Schwartsman GI, Bahmutova IuV, Pozdnyakova NM, Krivetskiy VV, et al. The use of piribedil for the prevention of falls in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome. [Russian]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 2014;92(5):46‐50.
Ilfeld 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ilfeld BM, Loland VJ, Donovan JF, Le LT, Mariano ER. A multicenter, randomized, triple‐masked, placebo‐controlled trial of the effect of ambulatory continuous femoral nerve blocks on discharge‐readiness following total knee arthroplasty in patients on general orthopaedic wards. Regional Anesthesia and Pain MedicineConference: 2010;35th Annual Regional Anesthesia Meeting and Workshops, ASRA10 Toronto, ON Canada(var.pagings):Conference‐October.
Jarret 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jarret G, Orpanna A, Helbostad J. Can a three weeks program in a rehabilitation center improve balance in elderly people? A randomized clinical controlled trial. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):eS671‐2.
Jeon 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jeon YH, Simpson JM, Li Z, Cunich MM, Thomas TH, Chenoweth L, et al. Cluster randomized controlled trial of an aged care specific leadership and management program to improve work environment, staff turnover, and care quality. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2015;16(7):629‐e28.
JPRN‐UMIN0000167 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000016716. Effect of fall prevention education programs for patients in convalescent phase after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. (first received 5 May 2015).
Kato 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kato M, Izumi K, Hiramatsu T, Shogenji M. Development of an exercise program for fall prevention for elderly persons in a long‐term care facility. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 2006;3(2):107‐17.
Katz 2004 {published data only}
    1. Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, Clyde C, Napolitano J, Brecher M. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double‐blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999;60(2):107‐15.
    1. Katz IR, Rupnow M, Kozma C, Schneider L. Risperidone and falls in ambulatory nursing home residents with dementia and psychosis or agitation: secondary analysis of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2004;12(5):499‐508.
Katz 2005 {published data only}
    1. Katz IR. Atypical antipsychotics and falls in the elderly [abstract]. 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005 May 21‐26; Atlanta (GA).
Kenny 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kenny RA, Richardson DA, Steen N, Bexton RS, Shaw FE, Bond J. Carotid sinus syndrome: a modifiable risk factor for nonaccidental falls in older adults (SAFE PACE). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;38(5):1491‐6.
Koczy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Branitzki S, Koczy P. ReduFix ‐ a study of reducing physical restraint: preventing risk of injury [ReduFix ‐ Eine Studie zur Reduktion von körpernaher Fixierung: Heimbewohner vor Schaden bewahren]. Pflege Zeitschrift 2005;58(5):310‐3.
    1. Koczy P, Becker C, Rapp K, Klie T, Beische D, Buchele G, et al. Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention to reduce physical restraints in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(2):333‐9.
    1. Koczy P, Klie T, Kron M, Bredthauer D, Rissmann U, Branitzki S, et al. Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention to reduce physical restraints in nursing home residents with dementia [Effektivität einer multifaktoriellen Intervention zur Reduktion von körpernaher Fixierung bei demenzerkrankten Heimbewohnern: Ziele und Studiendesign einer prospektiven clusterrandomisierten Interventionsstudie]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2005;38(1):33‐9.
Kopke 2012 {published data only}
    1. Haut A, Kopke S, Gerlach A, Muhlhauser I, Haastert B, Meyer G. Evaluation of an evidence‐based guidance on the reduction of physical restraints in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN34974819]. BMC Geriatrics 2009;9:42.
    1. ISRCTN34974819. Evaluation of an evidence‐based guidance on the reduction of physical restraints in nursing homes EBAGRAP. controlled‐ (first received 29 April 2009).
    1. Kopke S, Muhlhauser I, Gerlach A, Haut A, Haastert B, Mohler R, et al. Effect of a guideline‐based multicomponent intervention on use of physical restraints in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307(20):2177‐84.
Kwok 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kwok T, Mok F, Chien WT, Tam E. Does access to bed‐chair pressure sensors reduce physical restraint use in the rehabilitative care setting?. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2006;15(5):581‐7.
Lackner 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lackner TE, Wyman JF, McCarthy TC, Monigold M, Davey C. Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of the cognitive effect, safety, and tolerability of oral extended‐release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56:862‐70.
Li 2017 {published data only}
    1. Li CM, Chang CI, Yu WR, Yang W, Hsu CC, Chen CY. Enhancing elderly health examination effectiveness by adding physical function evaluations and interventions. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 70:38‐43.
Lord 2003b {published data only}
    1. Lord SR, Castell S, Corcoran J, Dayhew J, Matters B, Shan A, et al. The effect of group exercise on physical functioning and falls in frail older people living in retirement villages: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(12):1685‐92.
Mailhot 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mailhot T, Cossette S, Van T. Nursing intervention to support self‐efficacy of family caregivers to improve delirium management in cardiac surgery patients: A randomized study protocol. Canadian Journal of CardiologyConference 2012;65th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Toronto, ON Canada. Conference Start(var.pagings):121027‐October.
Mailhot 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mailhot T. RE: MENTOR_D trial [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 20 April 2016.
    1. Mailhot T, Cossette S, Denault AY, Lamarche Y, Cote MC, Carbonneau MH, et al. Nursing intervention involving family caregiver to improve the management of post‐cardiac surgery delirium: Results from a randomized pilot study. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2014;67th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Vancouver, BC Canada.:141025.
    1. Mailhot T, Cossette S, Van, Tassel J. Nursing intervention to support self‐efficacy of family caregivers to improve delirium management in cardiac surgery patients: A randomized study protocol. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2012;65th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Toronto, ON Canada.:121027‐October.
Mak 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mak JC, Klein LA, Finnegan T, Mason RS, Cameron ID. An initial loading‐dose vitamin D versus placebo after hip fracture surgery: baseline characteristics of a randomized controlled trial (REVITAHIP). BMC Geriatrics 2014;14:101. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-101]
    1. Mak JC, Mason R, Klein L, Cameron ID. Improving mobility and reducing disability in older people through early high‐dose vitamin d replacement following hip fracture: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial and economic evaluation. Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 2011;2(3):94‐9.
    1. Mak JC, Mason RS, Klein L, Cameron ID. An initial loading‐dose vitamin D versus placebo after hip fracture surgery: randomized trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2016;17:336. [DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1174-9]
    1. Mak JCS, Cameron ID, Mason RS, Klein L, Soong M, Ohn K. Improving mobility and reducing disability in older people through early high‐dose vitamin D replacement following hip fracture (the revitahip trial): Preliminary results. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(4 Suppl):S587.
Mansfield 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mansfield A, Wong JS, Bryce J, Brunton K, Inness EL, Knorr S, et al. Use of accelerometer‐based feedback of walking activity for appraising progress with walking‐related goals in inpatient stroke rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(9):847‐57.
McRae 1996 {published data only}
    1. MacRae PG, Asplund LA, Schnelle JF, Ouslander JG, Abrahamse A, Morris C. A walking program for nursing home residents: effects on walk endurance, physical activity, mobility, and quality of life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(2):175‐80.
Mudge 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mudge AM, Giebel AJ, Cutler AJ. Exercising body and mind: an integrated approach to functional independence in hospitalized older people. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(4):630‐5.
NCT00973297 {published data only}
    1. NCT00973297. A targeted falls prevention program in rehabilitation in‐patients. (first received 25 August 2009).
NCT01054287 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01054287. Falls prevention in acute care hospital PRECEPT. (first received 21 January 2010).
    1. Waeber G. RE:NCT01054287 (2010). Falls Prevention in Acute Care Hospital [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 1 August 2016.
NCT01523600 {published data only}
    1. NCT01523600. Whole body vibration training among older people using sheltered housing. (first received 27 January 2012).
NCT01618786 {published data only}
    1. NCT01618786. Flooring for injury prevention trial (FLIP). (first received 11 June 2012).
NCT02686515 {published data only}
    1. Chang Gung University, Mackay Memorial Hospital. Comparative effectiveness research of dual‐task and single‐task balance training in people with stroke [NCT02686515]. (first received 16 February 2016). [NCT02686515]
Nyaruhirira 2013 {published data only}
    1. Nyaruhirira I, Romana S, Peretz A, Baillon R, Rozenberg S. Management of hip fracture patients in a network of public hospitals in Brussels II: Protocol of a randomized controlled trial, added value of coordinator. Osteoporosis International. 2013;24(1 Suppl):S370. [Abstract P729]
Ouslander 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ouslander JG, Griffiths P, McConnell E, Riolo L, Schnelle J. Functional Incidental Training: applicability and feasibility in the Veterans Affairs nursing home patient population. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2005;6(2):121‐7.
    1. Ouslander JG, Griffiths PC, McConnell E, Riolo L, Kutner M, Schnelle J. Functional incidental training: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial in Veterans Affairs nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(7):1091‐100.
Parasurum 2011 {published data only}
    1. Parasurum R, Chua PS, Kannusamy P. A randomised controlled study examining the impact of a staffing model and nursing care delivery system on patient, nurse and organisational outcomes. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore.Conference: Singapore Health and Biomedical Congress, SHBC 2011;40(11 Suppl):S8. [Abstract SG‐NA‐03]
Pedreira 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pedreira ÉMD. Use of virtual reality games for the treatment of balance and reducing the occurrence of falls in patients after stroke. (first received 12 June 2015).
Peng 2014 {published data only}
    1. Peng L, Ren L, Qin P, Chen J, Feng P, Lin H, et al. Continuous femoral nerve block versus intravenous patient controlled analgesia for knee mobility and long‐term pain in patients receiving total knee replacement: A randomized controlled trial. Evidence‐based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014;2014:Article ID 569107. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/569107]
Peri 2008 {published data only}
    1. Peri K, Kerse N, Robinson E, Parsons M, Parsons J, Latham N. Does functionally based activity make a difference to health status and mobility? A randomised controlled trial in residential care facilities (The Promoting Independent Living Study; PILS). Age and Ageing 2008;37(1):57‐63.
Rantz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Rantz MJ, Popejoy L, Petroski GF, Madsen RW, Mehr DR, Zwygart‐Stauffacher M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a quality improvement intervention in nursing homes. Gerontologist 2001;41(4):525‐38.
Ray 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ray WA, Taylor JA, Brown AK, Gideon P, Hall K, Arbogast P, et al. Prevention of fall‐related injuries in long‐term care: a randomized controlled trial of staff education. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(19):2293‐8.
Reinhardt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Reinhardt KR, Duggal S, Umunna BP, Reinhardt GA, Nam D, Alexiades M, et al. Intraarticular analgesia versus epidural plus femoral nerve block after TKA: a randomized, double‐blind trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2014;472(5):1400‐8.
Resnick 2002 {published data only}
    1. Resnick B. Testing the effect of the WALC intervention on exercise adherence in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2002;28(6):40‐9.
Resnick 2012 {published data only}
    1. Resnick B, Galik E, Gruber‐Baldini A, Zimmerman S. Testing the effect of function‐focused care in assisted living. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(12):2233‐40.
    1. Resnick B, Galik E, Gruber‐Baldini AL, Zimmerman S. Falls and fall‐related injuries associated with function‐focused care. Clinical Nursing Research 2012;21(1):43‐63.
Richter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Richter C, Berg A, Fleischer S, Kopke S, Balzer K, Fick EM, et al. Effect of person‐centred care on antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes (EPCentCare): study protocol for a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Implementation Science 2015; Vol. 10:82. [1748‐5908]
Rolland 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rolland Y, Pillard F, Klapouszczak A, Reynish E, Thomas D, Andrieu S, et al. Exercise program for nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease: a 1‐year randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(2):158‐65.
Sackley 2009 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN79859980. A randomised trial of an occupational therapy and physiotherapy intervention to enhance mobility and activity in a nursing or residential home setting after stroke. controlled‐ (accessed 11 March 2012).
    1. Sackley CM, Berg ME, Lett K, Patel S, Hollands K, Wright CC, et al. Effects of a physiotherapy and occupational therapy intervention on mobility and activity in care home residents: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;339:b3123.
Sahota 2014 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN44972300. REducing Falls in IN‐patient Elderly: a randomised controlled trial. www.controlled‐ (first received 17 August 2009).
    1. Sahota O, Drummond A, Kendrick D, Grainge MJ, Vass C, Sach T, et al. REFINE (REducing Falls in In‐patieNt Elderly) using bed and bedside chair pressure sensors linked to radio‐pagers in acute hospital care: a randomised controlled trial. Age & Ageing 2014;43(2):247‐53.
    1. Vass CD, Sahota O. REFINE ‐ reducing falls in inpatient elderly using bed and bedside pressure sensors linked to radio‐pagers in acute hospital care: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2014;28(4):403.
    1. Vass CD, Sahota O, Drummond A, Kendrick D, Gladman J, Sach T, et al. REFINE (Reducing Falls in In‐patient Elderly)‐‐a randomised controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2009;10:Article number 83.
    1. Vass CD, Sahota O, Drummond A, Kendrick D, Grainge M, Gladman J, et al. Refine‐reducing falls in in‐patient elderly using bed and chair pressure sensors in acute hospital care: A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2012;41:Suppl 1.
Said 2012 {published data only}
    1. Said CM, Morris ME, Woodward M, Churilov L, Bernhardt J. Enhancing physical activity in older adults receiving hospital based rehabilitation: a phase II feasibility study. BMC Geriatrics 2012;12:26.
Said 2015 {published data only}
    1. Said CM, Morris ME, McGinley JL, Szoeke C, Workman B, Liew D, et al. Evaluating the effects of increasing physical activity to optimize rehabilitation outcomes in hospitalized older adults (MOVE Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:13. [PUBMED: 25588907]
Sato 2000 {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Asoh T, Kaji M, Oizumi K. Beneficial effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy in hemiplegic patients following an acute stroke. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(12):2487‐94.
Sato 2005a {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Low‐dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2005;20:187‐92.
Sato 2005b {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293(9):1082‐8.
    1. Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Inaccurate description of collaborating hospitals in a study of the effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures after stroke. JAMA 2006;296(4):396.
Sato 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Honda Y. An open‐label trial comparing alendronate and alphacalcidol in reducing falls and hip fractures in disabled stroke patients. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2011;20(1):41‐6.
Schneider 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, Davis SM, Hsiao JK, Ismail MS, et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;355(15):1525‐38.
    1. Tariot PN. Efficacy and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in agitation and psychosis: Research results [abstract]. 158th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2005 May 21‐26; Atlanta (GA) 31A.
    1. Tariot PN, Schneider L, Katz IR, Mintzer JE, Street J, Copenhaver M, et al. Quetiapine treatment of psychosis associated with dementia: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006;14(9):767‐76.
    1. Zhong KX, Tariot PN, Mintzer J, Minkwitz MC, Devine NA. Quetiapine to treat agitation in dementia: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Current Alzheimer Research 2007;4(1):81‐93.
Schwendimann 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schwendimann R. personal communication 22 April 2005.
    1. Schwendimann R, Buhler H, Geest S, Milisen K. Falls and consequent injuries in hospitalized patients: effects of an interdisciplinary falls prevention program. BMC Health Services Research 2006;6:69.
    1. Schwendimann R, Milisen K, Buhler H, Geest S. Fall prevention in a Swiss acute care hospital setting Reducing multiple falls. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2006;32(3):13‐22.
Sherrington 2016a {published data only}
    1. Sherrington C, Fairhall N, Kirkham C, Clemson L, Howard K, Vogler C, et al. Exercise and fall prevention self‐management to reduce mobility‐related disability and falls after fall‐related lower limb fracture in older people: protocol for the RESTORE (Recovery Exercises and STepping On afteR fracturE) randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2016;16(1):34.
Shimada 2003 {published data only}
    1. Shimada H, Uchiyama Y, Kakurai S. Specific effects of balance and gait exercises on physical function among the frail elderly. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17(5):472‐9.
Shimada 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shimada H, Tiedemann A, Lord S, Suzuki T. The effect of enhanced supervision on fall rates in residential aged care. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;88(10):823‐8.
Siddiqi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Heaven, A, Cheater F, Clegg A, Collinson M, Farrin A, Forster A, et al. Pilot trial of Stop Delirium! (PiTStop)‐‐a complex intervention to prevent delirium in care homes for older people: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2014;15:47.
    1. Siddiqi N, Cheater F, Collinson M, Farrin A, Forster A, George D, et al. The PiTSTOP study: a feasibility cluster randomized trial of delirium prevention in care homes for older people. Age and Ageing 2016;45(5):652‐61. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afw091]
Sjoberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sjoberg C. SV: Effects of medication reviews performed by a physician on treatment with fracture‐preventing and fall‐risk‐increasing drugs in older adults with hip fracture‐a randomized controlled study [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 19 September 2016.
    1. Sjoberg C, Wallerstedt SM. Effects of medication reviews performed by a physician on treatment with fracture‐preventing and fall‐risk‐increasing drugs in older adults with hip fracture‐a randomized controlled study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(9):1464‐72.
Smith 2017 {published data only}
    1. Smith T, Clark A, Dodd E, Khoo ME, Heneker S, Cross J, et al. Feasibility study suggests no impact from protected engagement time on adverse events in mental health wards for older adults. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 2017 Jul 6 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/inm.12362]
Sola 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sola SM, Lopez del Amo JL, Valero O. The effect of 24 weeks of moderate‐to‐high intensity strength training on the elderly [Spanish]. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia 2014;49(3):115‐20.
Southard 2006 {published data only}
    1. Southard V. A randomized control trial of the application of efficacy training to balance assessment. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 2006;25(2):51‐66.
Steadman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Steadman J, Donaldson N, Kalra L. A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(6):847‐52.
Tanikawa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tanikawa H, Sato T, Nagafuchi M, Takeda K, Oshida J, Okuma K. Comparison of local infiltration of analgesia and sciatic nerve block in addition to femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty. Journal of Arthroplasty 2014;29(12):2462‐7.
Tariot 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291(3):317.
    1. Dyck CH, Tariot PN, Meyers B, Malca Resnick E. A 24‐week randomized, controlled trial of memantine in patients with moderate‐to‐severe Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 2007;21(2):136‐43.
Tariot 2005 {published data only}
    1. Profenno LA, Jakimovich L, Holt CJ, Porsteinsson A, Tariot PN. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot trial of safety and tolerability of two doses of divalproex sodium in outpatients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Current Alzheimer Research 2005;2(5):553‐8.
    1. Tariot PN, Raman R, Jakimovich L, Schneider L, Porsteinsson A, Thomas R, et al. Divalproex sodium in nursing home residents with possible or probable Alzheimer disease complicated by agitation: A randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;13(11):942‐9.
Teresi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Teresi JA, Ramirez M, Remler D, Ellis J, Boratgis G, Silver S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of implementing evidence‐based education and best practices in nursing homes: Effects on falls, quality‐of‐life and societal costs. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2013;50(4):448‐63.
Underwood 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ellard DR, Taylor SJ, Parsons S, Thorogood M. The OPERA trial: a protocol for the process evaluation of a randomised trial of an exercise intervention for older people in residential and nursing accommodation. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2011;12:Article number 28.
    1. ISRCTN43769277. Older people's exercise intervention in residential and nursing accommodation. www.controlled‐ (accessed 11 March 2012).
    1. Underwood M, Eldridge S, Lamb S, Potter R, Sheehan B, Slowther AM, et al. The OPERA trial: protocol for a randomised trial of an exercise intervention for older people in residential and nursing accommodation. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2011;12:Article number 27.
van Ooijen 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ooijen KMV. RE: C‐mill gait‐adaptability training following hip fracture study [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 6 May 2016.
    1. Ooijen MW, Roerdink M, Trekop M, Visschedijk J, Janssen TW, Beek PJ. Functional gait rehabilitation in elderly people following a fall‐related hip fracture using a treadmill with visual context: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13:34.
Vassallo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Vassallo M, Vignaraja R, Sharma JC, Briggs RS, Allen SC. Can intervention prevent falls and injury in geriatric wards? Hospital injury prevention (HIP) study [abstract]. Age and Ageing 2001;30(Suppl 2):15.
    1. Vassallo M, Vignaraja R, Sharma JC, Hallam H, Binns K, Briggs R, et al. The effect of changing practice on fall prevention in a rehabilitative hospital: the Hospital Injury Prevention Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(3):335‐9.
Visvanathan 2015 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000981325. Effectiveness of an Ambient Intelligence Geriatric Management system (AmbIGeM) to prevent falls in older people in hospitals: the AmbIGeM stepped wedge pragmatic trial. (first received 7 July 2017).
Von Koch 2001 {published data only}
    1. Thorsen AM, Widen Holmqvist L, Pedro‐Cuesta J, Koch L. A randomized controlled trial of early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke: five‐year follow‐up of patient outcome. Stroke 2005;36(2):297‐303.
    1. Thorsen AM, Widen Holmqvist L, Koch L. Early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke: 5‐year follow‐up of resource use. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;15(4):139‐43.
    1. Widen Holmqvist L, Koch L, Kostulas V, Holm M, Widsell G, Tegler H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation at home after stroke in southwest Stockholm. Stroke 1998;29:591‐7.
    1. Koch L, Pedro‐Cuesta J, Kostulas V, Almazan J, Widen Holmqvist L. Randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation at home after stroke: one‐year follow‐up of patient outcome, resource use and cost. Cerebrovascular Disease 2001;12(2):131‐8.
    1. Koch L, Widen Holmqvist L, Kostulas V, Almazan J, Pedro‐Cuesta J. A randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation at home after stroke in Southwest Stockholm: outcome at six months. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2000;32(2):80‐6.
Wolf 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sattin RW, Easley KA, Wolf SL, Chen Y, Kutner MH. Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(7):1168‐78.
    1. Wolf SL, O'Grady M. The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006;61(2):184‐9.
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, Kutner M, O'Grady M, Greenspan AI, Gregor RJ. Intense Tai Chi exercise training and falls occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:1693‐1701.
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, O'Grady M, Freret N, Ricci L, Greenspan AI, et al. A study design to investigate the effect of intense Tai Chi in reducing falls among older adults transitioning to frailty. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22(6):689‐704.
Zhong 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhong KX, Tariot PN, Mintzer J, Minkwitz MC, Devine NA. Quetiapine to treat agitation in dementia: a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled study. Current Alzheimers Research 2007;4(1):81‐93.
References to studies awaiting assessment Dever 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dever Fitzgerald T, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, Lix L, Zahir S, Alfano D, et al. The impact of fall risk assessment on nurse fears, patient falls, and functional ability in long‐term care. Disability and Rehabilitation 2016; Vol. 38, issue 11:1041‐52.
Frohnhofen 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Frohnhofen H, Schlitzer J, Wehling M. Pharmacotherapy and frequency of inhospital falls among geriatric patients. Osteoporosis International.Conference: European Congress on Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, ESCEO13‐IOF Rome Italy.Conference Start: 2013;24(1 Suppl):P590.
Hewitt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hewitt J, Goodall S, Clemson L, Henwood T, Refshauge K. Progressive resistance and balance training for falls Prevention in long‐term residential aged care: A cluster randomized trial of the SUNBEAM program. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2018;19(4):361‐9. [PUBMED: 29402651]
    1. Hewitt J, Refshauge KM, Goodall S, Henwood T, Clemson L. Does progressive resistance and balance exercise reduce falls in residential aged care? Randomized controlled trial protocol for the SUNBEAM program. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2014;9:369‐76.
MacRitchie 2001 {published data only}
    1. MacRitchie RF. Reducing the incidence of falls among elderly nursing home residents: An evaluation of an ameliorative pilot program [thesis]. Dublin, USA: Southern Connecticut State Univ, 2001. [CENTRAL: CN‐00691333]
Raymond 2017 {published data only}
    1. Raymond MJ, Jeffs KJ, Winter A, Soh SE, Hunter P, Holland AE. The effects of a high‐intensity functional exercise group on clinical outcomes in hospitalised older adults: an assessor‐blinded, randomised‐controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2017; Vol. 46, issue 2:208‐13.
Tallon 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tallon G, Ramdani S, Jaussent A, Decker L, Bernard PL, Blain H. Effect of whole‐body‐vibration training in institutionalized older adults. European Geriatric Medicine 2013;4(Suppl 1):S55.
Van der Linden 2017 {published data only}
    1. Linden L. Reduction of inappropriate prescribing in older persons using the RASP list: A cluster‐randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2014; Vol. 21:A212.
    1. Linden L, Decoutere L, Walgraeve K, Milisen K, Flamaing J, Spriet I, et al. combined use of the rationalization of home medication by an adjusted STOPP in older patients (RASP) list and a pharmacist‐led medication review in very old inpatients: impact on quality of prescribing and clinical outcome. Drugs and Aging 2017; Vol. 34, issue 2:123‐33.
Wylie 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02178527. Podiatry Intervention to Reduce Falls in Elderly Care Trial (PIRFECT). (first received 17 June 2014). [N. H.S.Tayside; University of Stirling; La Trobe University; University of Toronto; Uniersity of Dundee]
    1. Wylie G, Menz HB, McFarlane S, Ogston S, Sullivan F, Williams B, et al. Podiatry intervention versus usual care to prevent falls in care homes: pilot randomised controlled trial (the PIRFECT study). BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:143.
References to ongoing studies ACTRN12613000228785 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000228785. Preventing falls and fractures in low‐level aged‐care residents by increasing dairy food intake by two serves per day. (first received 20 February 2013).
ACTRN12615000817549 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000817549. Establishing the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and student experience of simulation training for the prevention of falls amongst hospitalised inpatients. (first received 27 July 2015).
    1. Williams C, Bowles KA, Kiegaldie D, Maloney S, Nestel D, Kaplonyi J, et al. Establishing the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and student experience of a Simulation‐based education Training program On the Prevention of Falls (STOP‐Falls) among hospitalised inpatients: A protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016; Vol. 6, issue 6:e010192. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010192.]
ACTRN12617000314325 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000314325. Does abbreviating patient falls risk screening in documentation impact on falls in hospital inpatients: A stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial. (first received 21 February 2017).
Dal Bello‐Haas 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dal Bello‐Haas VP, Thorpe LU, Lix LM, Scudds R, Hadjistavropoulos T. The effects of a long‐term care walking program on balance, falls and well‐being. BMC Geriatrics 2012;12:76.
Hassett 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hassett L, Berg M, Lindley RI, Crotty M, McCluskey A, Ploeg HP, et al. Effect of affordable technology on physical activity levels and mobility outcomes in rehabilitation: A protocol for the Activity and MObility UsiNg Technology (AMOUNT) rehabilitation trial. BMJ Open 2016; Vol. 6, issue 6:e012074.
ISRCTN34353836 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN34353836. Finch: Falls in care homes study. (first received 22 March 2016).
ISRCTN42003273 {published data only}
    1. Loffler C, Drewelow E, Paschka SD, Frankenstein M, Eger J, Jatsch L, et al. Optimizing polypharmacy among elderly hospital patients with chronic diseases‐‐study protocol of the cluster randomized controlled POLITE‐RCT trial. Implementation Science 2014;9:151.
JPRN‐UMIN000000555 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000000555. The effects of whole body vibration for the prevention of falls in elderly. (first received 25 December 2006).
JPRN‐UMIN000008361 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000008361. Multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the effect of Vitamin D supplementation for fall prevention. (first received 6 July 2012).
McCullagh 2016 {published data only}
    1. McCullagh R, O'Connell E, O'Meara S, Perry I, Fitzgerald A, O'Connor K, et al. A study protocol of a randomised controlled trial to measure the effects of an augmented prescribed exercise programme (APEP) for frail older medical patients in the acute setting. BMC Geriatrics 2016; Vol. 16:79.
Mestres 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mestres Gonzalvo C, Wit HA, Oijen BP, Hurkens KP, Janknegt R, Schols JM, et al. Supporting clinical rules engine in the adjustment of medication (SCREAM): protocol of a multicentre, prospective, randomised study. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:35.
Mudge 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mudge AM, Banks MD, Barnett AG, Blackberry I, Graves N, Green T, et al. CHERISH (collaboration for hospitalised elders reducing the impact of stays in hospital): protocol for a multi‐site improvement program to reduce geriatric syndromes in older inpatients. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:11.
NCT00636675 {published data only}
    1. Anderson RA, Corazzini K, Porter K, Daily K, McDaniel RR, Colón‐Emeric C. CONNECT for quality: protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial to improve fall prevention in nursing homes. Implementation Science 2012;7(1):11. [DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-11]
    1. NCT00636675. CONNECT for Quality: A Study to Reduce Falls in Nursing Homes (CONNECT). (first received 14 March 2008).
NCT01483456 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Grangier C, Mouchoux C, Pogam M, Toulouze B, Colin C, Krolak‐Salmon P. A multidisciplinary program for preventing falls "identify, prevent and get up": Impact on falls in elderly inpatients. European Geriatric Medicine. 7th Congress of the European Union Geriatric Society (EUGMS); 2011 Sept 28‐30; Malaga, Spain. 2011. [Conference abstract 201200]
    1. Mouchoux C. NCT01483456 "Impact of multidisciplinary program on falls in elderly inpatients (IPR)" [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 29 June 2016.
    1. NCT01483456. Impact of multidisciplinary program on falls in elderly inpatients (IPR). (first received 21 July 2007).
NCT01551121 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01551121. Assessment of an automated telesurveillance system on the incidence of serious falls in nursing homes (TELEHPAD). (first received 12 March 2012).
NCT01561872 {published data only}
    1. NCT01561872. Assessment of an automated telesurveillance system on serious falls prevention in an elderly suffering from dementia specialized care unit: the URCC (GET‐BETTER). (first received 21 March 2012).
    1. Saulnier I, Lachal F, Tchalla A, Trimouillas J, Gourdeau‐Nauche F, Bernard‐Bourzeix L, et al. Assessment of an automated tele vigilance system on serious falls prevention in a dementia specialized care unit: The URCC. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2012;16(9):865. [Abstract P80]
NCT01735682 {published data only}
    1. NCT01735682. Whole body vibration exercise training for institutionalized elderly. (first received 20 November 2012). [The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shatin Hospital Hong Kong]
NCT01876095 {published data only}
    1. NCT01876095. Discontinuing inappropriate medication in nursing home residents. (first received 10 June 2013).
    1. Wouters H, Quik EH, Boersma F, Nygard P, Bosman J, Bottger WM, et al. Discontinuing inappropriate medication in nursing home residents (DIM‐NHR Study): protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014;4(10):e006082.
NCT02295462 {published data only}
    1. NCT02295462. Effect of person‐centred‐care on antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised trial. (first received 12 November 2014).
NCT02570945 {published data only}
    1. NCT02570945. Trial of a pharmacist‐physician intervention model to reduce high‐risk drug use by hospitalised elderly patients. (first received 25 September 2015).
NCT02604056 {published data only}
    1. NCT02604056. Pragmatic cluster trial for nursing home antipsychotic prescribing. (first received 5 November 2015).
NCT02702037 {published data only}
    1. NCT02702037. Older person's exercise and nutrition study. (first received 26 February 2016).
NCT02714257 {published data only}
    1. NCT02714257. Seniors avoiding falls through exercise study. (first received 22 February 2016).
NCT02714582 {published data only}
    1. NCT02714582. Feasibility, appropriateness, meaningfulness and effectiveness of bedside shift reporting. (first received 29 February 2016).
NCT02757131 {published data only}
    1. NCT02757131. Dedicated ambulator‐assisted physical activity to improve hospital outcome measures in elderly patients. (first received 29 April 2016).
NCT02969343 {published data only}
    1. NCT02969343. Patient safety learning laboratory: making acute care more patient‐centered. (first received 21 November 2016).
NCT03014570 {published data only}
    1. NCT03014570. Testing implementation of EIT‐4‐BPSD. (first received 9 January 2017).
NCT03019211 {published data only}
    1. NCT03019211. Feasibility aquatic physical exercise to reduce falls in institutionalized elderly. (first received 12 January 2017).
NCT03192384 {published data only}
    1. NCT03192384. A service intervention to reduce falls in hospital. (first received 20 June 2017).
NTR5015 {published data only}
    1. NTR5015. Prevention of falling. (first received 22 December 2014).
Scheffers‐Barnhoorn 2017 {published data only}
    1. NTR5695. A randomised controlled trial to improve outcomes of hip fracture patients with fear of falling in geriatric rehabilitation. (first received 7 March 2016).
    1. Scheffers‐Barnhoorn MN, Haastregt JC, Schols JM, Kempen GI, Balen R, Visschedijk JH, et al. A multi‐component cognitive behavioural intervention for the treatment of fear of falling after hip fracture (FIT‐HIP): protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:71.
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Becker 2012
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Chan 2015
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Choi 2012
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Conroy 2010
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De Spiegeleer 2018
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Deandrea 2013
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Durvasula 2012
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Gillespie 2003
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Gillespie 2012
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Guo 2014
    1. Guo JL, Tsai YY, Liao JY, Tu HM, Huang CM. Interventions to reduce the number of falls among older adults with/without cognitive impairment: an exploratory meta‐analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2014;29(7):661‐9. [PUBMED: 24318959]
Guyatt 2011
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Guyatt 2011a
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Haines 2013
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Hendriks 2008
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Higgins 2011a
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Higgins 2011c
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Higgins 2011d
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Hill 2010
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Ibrahim 2015
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Kropelin 2013
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Latham 2003
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Le Blanc 2015
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Nyman 2011
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