A systematic review of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and dietary behavior promotion programs: an update

Karen Broekhuizen, Willemieke Kroeze, Mireille N M van Poppel, Anke Oenema, Johannes Brug, Karen Broekhuizen, Willemieke Kroeze, Mireille N M van Poppel, Anke Oenema, Johannes Brug

Abstract

Background: A review update is necessary to document evidence regarding the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and nutrition education.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to summarize the latest evidence on the effectiveness of computer-tailored physical activity and nutrition education, and to compare the results to the 2006 review.

Methods: Databases were searched for randomized controlled trials evaluating computer-tailored physical activity and nutrition education aimed at primary prevention in adults, published from September 2004 through June 2011.

Results: Compared to the findings in 2006, a larger proportion of studies found positive effects for computer-tailored programs compared to generic or no information, including those for physical activity promotion. Effect sizes were small and generally at short- or medium-term follow-up.

Conclusions: The results of the 2006 review were confirmed and reinforced. Future interventions should focus on establishing larger effect sizes and sustained effects and include more generic health education control groups and objective measurements of dietary behavior.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

References

    1. Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet. 2002;360:1347–60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11403-6.
    1. Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JP, et al. Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review. BMJ. 2001;322:757–63. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7289.757.
    1. Kroeze W, Werkman A, Brug J. A systematic review of randomized trials on the effectiveness of computer-tailored education on physical activity and dietary behaviors. Ann Behav Med. 2006;31:205–23. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3103_2.
    1. Krebs P, Prochaska JO, Rossi JS. A meta-analysis of computer-tailored interventions for health behavior change. Prev Med. 2010;51:214–21. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.004.
    1. Lustria ML, Cortese J, Noar SM, Glueckauf RL. Computer-tailored health interventions delivered over the Web: Review and analysis of key components. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74:156–73. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.023.
    1. Neville LM, O'Hara B, Milat A. Computer-tailored physical activity behavior change interventions targeting adults: A systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:30. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-30.
    1. Neville LM, Milat AJ, O'Hara B. Computer-tailored weight reduction interventions targeting adults: A narrative systematic review. Health Promot J Austr. 2009;20:48–57.
    1. Neville LM, O'Hara B, Milat AJ. Computer-tailored dietary behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Health Educ Res. 2009;24:699–720. doi: 10.1093/her/cyp006.
    1. Noar SM, Benac CN, Harris MS. Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions. Psychol Bull. 2007;133:673–93. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.673.
    1. Noar SM, Grant Harrington N, Shemanksi Aldrich R. The role of message tailoring in the development of persuasive health communication messages. In: Beck CS, ed. Communication Yearbook 33. Routledge, 2009:73-133.
    1. Eyles HC, Mhurchu CN. Does tailoring make a difference? A systematic review of the long-term effectiveness of tailored nutrition education for adults. Nutr Rev. 2009;67:464–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00219.x.
    1. Yap TL, Davis LS. Physical activity: The science of health promotion through tailored messages. Rehabil Nurs. 2008;33:55–62. doi: 10.1002/j.2048-7940.2008.tb00204.x.
    1. Enwald HP, Huotari ML. Preventing the obesity epidemic by second generation tailored health communication: An interdisciplinary review. J Med Internet Res. 2010;12:e24. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1409.
    1. Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: A meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007. Prev Med. 2008;47:3–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.02.014.
    1. Brug J, Oenema A, Campbell M. Past, present, and future of computer-tailored nutrition education. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1028S–34S.
    1. Skinner CS, Campbell MK, Rimer BK, Curry S, Prochaska JO. How effective is tailored print communication? Ann Behav Med. 1999;21:290–8. doi: 10.1007/BF02895960.
    1. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
    1. Kreuter MW, Strecher VJ, Glassman B. One size does not fit all: The case for tailoring print materials. Ann Behav Med. 1999;21:276–83. doi: 10.1007/BF02895958.
    1. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. New York: Academic; 1977.
    1. Cohen JA. Power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155–159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.
    1. Mullen PD, Simons-Morton DG, Ramirez G, Frankowski RF, Green LW, Mains DA. A meta-analysis of trials evaluating patient education and counseling for three groups of preventive health behaviors. Patient Educ Couns. 1997;32:157–73. doi: 10.1016/S0738-3991(97)00037-2.
    1. van Stralen MM, de Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. Efficacy of Two Tailored Interventions Promoting Physical Activity in Older Adults. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:405–17. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.009.
    1. van Stralen MM, de Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The long-term efficacy of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for older adults: Main effects and mediators. Health Psychol. 2011;30:442–52. doi: 10.1037/a0023579.
    1. Walker SN, Pullen CH, Boeckner L, et al. Clinical trial of tailored activity and eating newsletters with older rural women. Nurs Res. 2009;58:74–85. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e31818fcee1.
    1. Walker SN, Pullen CH, Hageman PA, et al. Maintenance of activity and eating change after a clinical trial of tailored newsletters with older rural women. Nurs Res. 2010;59:311–21. doi: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181ed6695.
    1. Elder JP, Ayala GX, Campbell NR, et al. Interpersonal and print nutrition communication for a Spanish-dominant Latino population: Secretos de la Buena Vida. Health Psychol. 2005;24:49–57. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.1.49.
    1. Tanaka M, Adachi Y, Adachi K, Sato C. Effects of a non-face-to-face behavioral weight-control program among Japanese overweight males: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Med. 2010;17:17–24. doi: 10.1007/s12529-009-9057-1.
    1. Adachi Y, Sato C, Yamatsu K, Ito S, Adachi K, Yamagami T. A randomized controlled trial on the long-term effects of a 1-month behavioral weight control program assisted by computer tailored advice. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:459–70. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.017.
    1. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, et al. Multiple risk expert systems interventions: Impact of simultaneous stage-matched expert system interventions for smoking, high-fat diet, and sun exposure in a population of parents. Health Psychol. 2004;23:503–16. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.503.
    1. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Redding C, et al. Stage-based expert systems to guide a population of primary care patients to quit smoking, eat healthier, prevent skin cancer, and receive regular mammograms. Prev Med. 2005;41:406–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.050.
    1. Do M, Kattelmann K, Boeckner L, et al. Low-income young adults report increased variety in fruit and vegetable intake after a stage-tailored intervention. Nutr Res. 2008;28:517–22. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.05.013.
    1. de Vries H, Kremers SPJ, Smeets T, Brug J, Eijmael K. The effectiveness of tailored feedback and action plans in an intervention addressing multiple health behaviors. Am J Health Promot. 2008;22:417–25. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.22.6.417.
    1. Smeets T, Kremers SPJ, Brug J, de Vries H. Effects of tailored feedback on multiple health behaviors. Ann Behav Med. 2007;33:117–23. doi: 10.1007/BF02879892.
    1. Winett RA, Anderson ES, Wojcik JR, Winett SG, Bowden T. Guide to health: Nutrition and physical activity outcomes of a group-randomized trial of an Internet-based intervention in churches. Ann Behav Med. 2007;33:251–61. doi: 10.1007/BF02879907.
    1. Slootmaker SM, Chinapaw MJM, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC, van Mechelen W. Feasibility and effectiveness of online physical activity advice based on a personal activity monitor: Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11:e27. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1139.
    1. Sternfeld B, Block C, Quesenberry CPJ, et al. Improving diet and physical activity with ALIVE: A worksite randomized trial. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36:475–83. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.036.
    1. Hurling R, Catt M, Boni MD, et al. Using internet and mobile phone technology to deliver an automated physical activity program: Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2007;9:e7. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9.2.e7.
    1. Rothert K, Strecher VJ, Doyle LA, et al. Web-based weight management programs in an integrated health care setting: A randomized, controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:266–72. doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.34.
    1. Elder JP, Ayala GX, Campbell NR, et al. Long-term effects of a communication intervention for Spanish-dominant Latinas. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31:159–66. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.04.001.
    1. Hellman EA, Williams MA, Thalken L. Modifications of the 7-Day Activity Interview for Use Among Older Adults. J Appl Gerontol. 1996;15:116–32. doi: 10.1177/073346489601500108.
    1. Hayden-Wade HA, Coleman KJ, Sallis JF, Armstrong C. Validation of the telephone and in-person interview versions of the 7-day PAR. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:801–9. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000064941.43869.4E.
    1. Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Wood PD, et al. Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:91–106.
    1. Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, et al. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;122:794–804.
    1. Wendel-Vos GC, Schuit AJ, Saris WH, Kromhout D. Reproducibility and relative validity of the short questionnaire to assess health-enhancing physical activity. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:1163–9. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00220-8.
    1. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1381–95. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB.
    1. Rosenberg DE, Bull FC, Marshall AL, Sallis JF, Bauman AE. Assessment of sedentary behavior with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5(Suppl 1):S30–S44.
    1. Kline GM, Porcari JP, Hintermeister R, et al. Estimation of VO2max from a one-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:253–9.
    1. Hageman PA, Walker SN, Pullen CH, Pellerito P. Test-Retest Reliability of the Rockport Fitness Walking Test and Other Fitness Measures in Women Ages 50-69 Years. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2001;24.
    1. Buckley JP, Sim J, Eston RG, Hession R, Fox R. Reliability and validity of measures taken during the Chester step test to predict aerobic power and to prescribe aerobic exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:197–205. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005389.
    1. Morris M, Lamb KL, Hayton J, Cotterrell D, Buckley J. The validity and reliability of predicting maximal oxygen uptake from a treadmill-based sub-maximal perceptually regulated exercise test. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109:983–8. doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1439-1.
    1. Block G, Hartman AM, Naughton D. A reduced dietary questionnaire: Development and validation. Epidemiology. 1990;1:58–64. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199001000-00013.
    1. Van Assema P, Brug J, Ronda G, Steenhuis I. The relative validity of a short Dutch questionnaire as a means to categorize adults and adolescents to total and saturated fat intake. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2001;14:377–90. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-277X.2001.00310.x.
    1. Ni Mhurchu C, Blakely T, Jiang Y, Eyles HC, Rodgers A. Effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket purchases: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:736–47. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28742.
    1. Prochaska JO, Butterworth S, Redding CA, et al. Initial efficacy of MI, TTM tailoring and HRI's with multiple behaviors for employee health promotion. Prev Med. 2008;46:226–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.007.
    1. Haapala I, Barengo NC, Biggs S, Surakka L, Manninen P. Weight loss by mobile phone: A 1-year effectiveness study. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:2382–91. doi: 10.1017/S1368980009005230.
    1. Werkman A, Hulshof PJ, Stafleu A, et al. Effect of an individually tailored one-year energy balance programme on body weight, body composition and lifestyle in recent retirees: A cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:110. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-110.
    1. Feunekes GI, Van Staveren WA, De Vries JH, Burema J, Hautvast JG. Relative and biomarker-based validity of a food-frequency questionnaire estimating intake of fats and cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58:489–96.
    1. Feunekes IJ, Van Staveren WA, Graveland F, De VJ, Burema J. Reproducibility of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess the intake of fats and cholesterol in The Netherlands. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 1995;46:117–23. doi: 10.3109/09637489509012539.
    1. Quintiliani LM, Campbell MK, Bowling JM, Steck S, Haines PS, DeVellis BM. Results of a randomized trial testing messages tailored to participant-selected topics among female college students: Physical activity outcomes. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7:517–26.
    1. Oenema A, Brug J, Dijkstra A, de Weerdt I, de Vries H. Efficacy and use of an internet-delivered computer-tailored lifestyle intervention, targeting saturated fat intake, physical activity and smoking cessation: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2008;35:125–35. doi: 10.1007/s12160-008-9023-1.
    1. Wanner M, Martin-Diener E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Bauer G, Martin BW. Effectiveness of active-online, an individually tailored physical activity intervention, in a real-life setting: Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11:e23. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1179.
    1. Dunton GF, Robertson TP. A tailored Internet-plus-email intervention for increasing physical activity among ethnically-diverse women. Prev Med. 2008;47:605–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.10.004.
    1. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vandelanotte C. Evaluation of a website-delivered computer-tailored intervention for increasing physical activity in the general population. Prev Med. 2007;44:209–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.11.010.
    1. Smeets T, Brug J, de Vries H. Effects of tailoring health messages on physical activity. Health Educ Res. 2008;23:402–13. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl101.
    1. van Keulen HM, Mesters I, Ausems M, et al. Tailored print communication and telephone motivational interviewing are equally successful in improving multiple lifestyle behaviors in a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2011;41:104–18. doi: 10.1007/s12160-010-9231-3.
    1. Hageman PA, Walker SN, Pullen CH. Tailored versus standard internet-delivered interventions to promote physical activity in older women. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2005;28:28–33. doi: 10.1519/00139143-200504000-00005.
    1. Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, et al. Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: Project STRIDE. Health Psychol. 2007;26:401–9. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.401.
    1. Napolitano MA, Whiteley JA, Papandonatos G, et al. Outcomes from the women's wellness project: A community-focused physical activity trial for women. Prev Med. 2006;43:447–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.06.011.
    1. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Williams DM, et al. A comparison of Internet and print-based physical activity interventions. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:944–9. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.9.944.
    1. Fries E, Edinboro P, McClish D, et al. Randomized trial of a low-intensity dietary intervention in rural residents: The Rural Physician Cancer Prevention Project. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:162–8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.017.
    1. Blair Irvine A, Ary DV, Grove DA, Gilfillan-Morton L. The effectiveness of an interactive multimedia program to influence eating habits. Health Educ Res. 2004;19:290–305. doi: 10.1093/her/cyg027.
    1. Kroeze W, Oenema A, Campbell M, Brug J. The efficacy of Web-based and print-delivered computer-tailored interventions to reduce fat intake: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008;40:226–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jneb.2007.09.008.
    1. Kroeze W, Oenema A, Dagnelie PC, Brug J. Examining the minimal required elements of a computer-tailored intervention aimed at dietary fat reduction: Results of a randomized controlled dismantling study. Health Educ Res. 2008;23:880–91. doi: 10.1093/her/cym075.
    1. De Bourdeaudhuij I, Stevens V, Vandelanotte C, Brug J. Evaluation of an interactive computer-tailored nutrition intervention in a real-life setting. Ann Behav Med. 2007;33:39–48. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3301_5.
    1. Gans KM, Risica PM, Strolla LO, et al. Effectiveness of different methods for delivering tailored nutrition education to low income, ethnically diverse adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:24. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-24.
    1. Glasgow RE, Klesges LM, Dzewaltowski DA, Bull SS, Estabrooks P. The future of health behavior change research: What is needed to improve translation of research into health promotion practice? Ann Behav Med. 2004;27:3–12. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm2701_2.
    1. Dutton GR, Napolitano MA, Whiteley JA, Marcus BH. Is physical activity a gateway behavior for diet? Findings from a physical activity trial. Prev Med. 2008;46:216–21. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.012.
    1. Nitzke S, Kritsch K, Boeckner L, et al. A stage-tailored multi-modal intervention increases fruit and vegetable intakes of low-income young adults. Am J Health Promot. 2007;22:6–14. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.6.
    1. Kreuter MW, Sugg-Skinner C, Holt CL, et al. Cultural tailoring for mammography and fruit and vegetable intake among low-income African-American women in urban public health centers. Prev Med. 2005;41:53–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.10.013.
    1. Alexander GL, McClure JB, Calvi JH, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating online interventions to improve fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:319–26. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.154468.
    1. Heimendinger J, O'Neill C, Marcus AC, et al. Multiple tailored messages are effective in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among callers to the cancer information service. J Health Commun. 2005;10:65–82. doi: 10.1080/10810730500263646.
    1. Poddar KH, Hosig KW, Anderson ES, Nickols-Richardson SM, Duncan SE. Web-based nutrition education intervention improves self-efficacy and self-regulation related to increased dairy intake in college students. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:1723–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.08.008.
    1. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2009.
    1. Babor TF, Sciamanna CN, Pronk NP. Assessing multiple risk behaviors in primary care. Screening issues and related concepts. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:42–53. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.04.018.
    1. Brug J, Steenhuis I, Van AP, Glanz K, De Vries H. Computer-tailored nutrition education: Differences between two interventions. Health Educ Res. 1999;14:249–56. doi: 10.1093/her/14.2.249.
    1. Tate DF, Wing RR, Winett RA. Using Internet technology to deliver a behavioral weight loss program. JAMA. 2001;285:1172–7. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.9.1172.
    1. Harvey-Berino J, Pintauro S, Buzzell P, et al. Does using the Internet facilitate the maintenance of weight loss? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26:1254–60. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802051.
    1. Soureti A, Murray P, Cobain M, Chinapaw M, van MW, Hurling R. Exploratory study of web-based planning and mobile text reminders in an overweight population. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13:e118. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1773.
    1. Van Rooyen S, Godlee F, Evans S, Smith R, Black N. Effect of blinding and unmasking on the quality of peer review. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14:622–4. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.09058.x.
    1. Davidoff F. Masking, blinding, and peer review: The blind leading the blinded. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:66–8.
    1. McInnes E, Duf L, McClarey M. Challenges in updating a systematic review. Nursing Times Res. 1999;4:66–71.
    1. Stead LF, Lancaster T, Silagy CA. Updating a systematic review--what difference did it make? Case study of nicotine replacement therapy. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2001;1:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-1-10.
    1. van Stralen MM, de Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The working mechanisms of an environmentally tailored physical activity intervention for older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2009;6.
    1. Brouwer W, Kroeze W, Crutzen R, et al. Which intervention characteristics are related to more exposure to internet-delivered healthy lifestyle promotion interventions? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13:e2. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1639.
    1. Jacobs AD, Ammerman AS, Ennett ST, et al. Effects of a Tailored Follow-Up Intervention on Health Behaviors, Beliefs, and Attitudes. Journal of Women's Health. 2004;13:557–68. doi: 10.1089/1540999041281016.
    1. Carroll JK, Lewis BA, Marcus BH, Lehman EB, Shaffer ML, Sciamanna CN. Computerized tailored physical activity reports a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:148–56. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.04.005.
    1. Pekmezi DW, Neighbors CJ, Lee CS, et al. A culturally adapted physical activity intervention for Latinas: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:495–500. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.08.023.
    1. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Brug J, Vandelanotte C. Effectiveness of an online computer-tailored physical activity intervention in a real-life setting. Health Educ Res. 2007;22:385–96. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl096.
    1. Chinapaw MJ, Slootmaker SM, Schuit AJ. van ZM, van MW. Reliability and validity of the Activity Questionnaire for Adults and Adolescents (AQuAA) BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9:58. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-9-58.
    1. Liu RD, Buffart LM, Kersten MJ, et al. Psychometric properties of two physical activity questionnaires, the AQuAA and the PASE, in cancer patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:30. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-30.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe