Feasibility and behavioral effects of prolonged static and dynamic standing as compared to sitting in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Uros Marusic, Martijn L T M Müller, Neil B Alexander, Nicolaas I Bohnen, Uros Marusic, Martijn L T M Müller, Neil B Alexander, Nicolaas I Bohnen

Abstract

Background: Physical inactivity is prevalent in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may exacerbate their clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of 4-h regular versus more dynamic standing sessions while performing routine desktop activities as a non-exercise physical activity intervention in older adults with T2DM to increase non-exercise activity.

Methods: Twelve older adult patients with T2DM (3 female; age 71 ± 4 years; Body mass index 34 ± 5 kg/m2) completed three sessions (baseline sitting followed by "static" or "dynamic" desktop standing sessions). Participants stood behind a regular height-adjustable desk in the "static" standing session. An upright dynamic standing desk, which provides cues to make small weight-shifting movements, was used for the "dynamic" standing session. Oxygen consumption, cognitive performance, as well as net standing duration, total movement activity, and musculoskeletal discomfort were assessed during all three sessions.

Results: All participants were able to complete all sessions. Oxygen consumption and overall movements progressively increased from sitting to static and dynamic standing, respectively (p < 0.001). The duration of breaks during standing (p = 0.024) and rate of total musculoskeletal discomfort development (p = 0.043) were lower in the dynamic standing compared to static standing sessions. There was no evidence of executive cognitive worsening during either standing session compared to sitting.

Conclusions: Prolonged 4-h standing as a simple non-exercise physical intervention is feasible in older adults with T2DM and may have metabolic (oxygen consumption) benefits. Increasing movement during desktop standing may offer incremental benefits compared to regular standing. Prolonged desktop standing might provide an effective intervention in T2DM older participants to target sedentariness.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04410055), retrospectively registered May 27, 2020.

Keywords: Active working place; Cognitive functioning; Ergonomic adjustment; Executive functions; Metabolic consumption; Non-exercise physical activity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Total and rate of musculoskeletal discomfort during 3h of sitting as well as 4h of static and dynamic standing. Note: Group means (±1 standard error of the mean) are presented for all three conditions. For the Sitting condition all participants reported 0 musculoskeletal discomfort at the 180-min point

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