Oral microbiota in youth with perinatally acquired HIV infection

Jacqueline R Starr, Yanmei Huang, Kyu Ha Lee, C M Murphy, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Caroline H Shiboski, Mark I Ryder, Tzy-Jyun Yao, Lina L Faller, Russell B Van Dyke, Bruce J Paster, Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, Jacqueline R Starr, Yanmei Huang, Kyu Ha Lee, C M Murphy, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Caroline H Shiboski, Mark I Ryder, Tzy-Jyun Yao, Lina L Faller, Russell B Van Dyke, Bruce J Paster, Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study

Abstract

Background: Microbially mediated oral diseases can signal underlying HIV/AIDS progression in HIV-infected adults. The role of the oral microbiota in HIV-infected youth is not known. The Adolescent Master Protocol of the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study is a longitudinal study of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) and HIV-exposed, uninfected (PHEU) youth. We compared oral microbiome levels and associations with caries or periodontitis in 154 PHIV and 100 PHEU youth.

Results: Species richness and alpha diversity differed little between PHIV and PHEU youth. Group differences in average counts met the significance threshold for six taxa; two Corynebacterium species were lower in PHIV and met thresholds for noteworthiness. Several known periodontitis-associated organisms (Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Filifactor alocis) exhibited expected associations with periodontitis in PHEU youth, associations not observed in PHIV youth. In both groups, odds of caries increased with counts of taxa in four genera, Streptococcus, Scardovia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus.

Conclusions: The microbiomes of PHIV and PHEU youth were similar, although PHIV youth seemed to have fewer "health"-associated taxa such as Corynebacterium species. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that HIV infection, or its treatment, may contribute to oral dysbiosis.

Keywords: Corynebacterium; Oral microbiome; Pediatric; Perinatally infected HIV.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Institutional review boards (IRB) at clinical sites and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health approved the study. Parents or legal guardians provided written informed consent for their children’s participation. Youth consented or assented per local IRB guidelines.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Phylogenetic tree depicting bacterial diversity of the most prevalent bacterial taxa in subgingival plaque samples of youth perinatally HIV-exposed and uninfected (PHEU) and perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV). Taxa are grouped into seven bacterial phyla indicated by brackets on the right. Predominant taxa found only in PHIV are noted by a single underline and those found only in PHEU are noted by a double underline. Numbers after taxa represent relative abundance (PHEU, PHIV). Taxa detected > 1% in relative abundance are noted in bold. Marker bar represents % difference in nucleotide sequence
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Three measures of microbial community diversity in subgingival plaque samples from youth perinatally exposed to HIV and uninfected (PHEU) and perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV). (a) Rarefaction curves show that richness (number of taxa detected versus number of sequences per sample) is similar for PHEU and PHIV. This analysis was restricted to subjects whose samples had ≥ 65,000 sequences (PHIV, n = 75; PHEU, n = 46). Alpha diversity for microbial taxa’s abundance based on the Shannon index (b) and Simpson index (c), by HIV infection status (PHIV, n = 154; PHEU, n = 100). Diversity for PHIV youth was comparable to, though very slightly lower than that for, PHEU youth (p > 0.3 for comparison of either index based on a t test)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Ratios of average counts of microbial taxa detected in subgingival plaque samples from youth perinatally HIV-exposed and uninfected (PHEU) and perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV)

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