Treatment options for small cell lung cancer - do we have more choice?

M Puglisi, S Dolly, A Faria, J S Myerson, S Popat, M E R O'Brien, M Puglisi, S Dolly, A Faria, J S Myerson, S Popat, M E R O'Brien

Abstract

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a significant health problem worldwide because of its high propensity for relapse. This review discusses existing and future therapies for the treatment of SCLC.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Survival rates of patients with LD-SCLC pre-2000: 5-year survival 13.9% vs 6.1% 2-year survival 17% vs 27%. (Unpublished data from the Royal Marsden Hospital, UK.)

References

    1. Amarasena IU, Walters JA, Wood-Baker R, Fong K (2008) Platinum versus non-platinum chemotherapy regimens for small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD006849
    1. Ando M, Ando Y, Sekido Y, Ando M, Shimokata K, Hasegawa Y (2002) Genetic polymorphisms of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7 gene and irinotecan toxicity in Japanese cancer patients. Jpn J Cancer Res 93: 591–597
    1. Ardizzoni A (2004) Topotecan in the treatment of recurrent small cell lung cancer: an update. Oncologist 9(Suppl 6): 4–13
    1. Argiris A, Murren JR (2001) Staging and clinical prognostic factors for small-cell lung cancer. Cancer J 7: 437–447
    1. Arnold AM, Seymour L, Smylie M, Ding K, Ung Y, Findlay B, Lee CW, Djurfeldt M, Whitehead M, Ellis P, Goss G, Chan A, Meharchand J, Alam Y, Gregg R, Butts C, Langmuir P, Shepherd F (2007) Phase II study of vandetanib or placebo in small-cell lung cancer patients after complete or partial response to induction chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.20. J Clin Oncol 25: 4278–4284
    1. Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Pechoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ, Kristjansen PE, Johnson BE, Ueoka H, Wagner H, Aisner J (1999) Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 341: 476–484
    1. Bayman N, Lorigan P, Blackhall F, Faivre-Finn C (2008) Radiotherapy in extensive-disease small cell lung cancer. Surv Curr UK Pract 21(1): 78
    1. Bayman N, Lorigan P, Blackhall F (2009) Faivre-Finn C. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 21(1): 78.
    1. Brownson RC, Chang JC, Davis JR (1992) Gender and histologic type variations in smoking-related risk of lung cancer. Epidemiology 3: 61–64
    1. Cerny T, Blair V, Anderson H, Bramwell V, Thatcher N (1987) Pretreatment prognostic factors and scoring system in 407 small-cell lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 39: 146–149
    1. Chua YJ, Steer C, Yip D (2004) Recent advances in management of small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 30: 521–543
    1. Clark R, Ihde DC (1998) Small-cell lung cancer: treatment progress and prospects. Oncology (Williston Park) 12: 647–658; discussion 661–3
    1. De Ruysscher D, Pijls-Johannesma M, Bentzen SM, Minken A, Wanders R, Lutgens L, Hochstenbag M, Boersma L, Wouters B, Lammering G, Vansteenkiste J, Lambin P (2006) Time between the first day of chemotherapy and the last day of chest radiation is the most important predictor of survival in limited-disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 24: 1057–1063
    1. Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Tanoue LT (2009) The new lung cancer staging system. Chest 136: 260–271
    1. Dowlati A, Subbiah S, Cooney M, Rutherford K, Mekhail T, Fu P, Chapman R, Ness A, Cortas T, Saltzman J, Levitan N, Warren G (2007) Phase II∣ trial of thalidomide as maintenance therapy for extensive stage small cell lung cancer after response to chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 56: 377–381
    1. Dy GK, Miller AA, Mandrekar SJ, Aubry MC, Langdon Jr RM, Morton RF, Schild SE, Jett JR, Adjei AA (2005). A phase II trial of imatinib (ST1571) in patients with c-kit expressing relapsed small-cell lung cancer: a CALGB and NCCTG study. Ann Oncol 16: 1811–1816
    1. Eberhardt W, Stamatis G, Stuschke M, Wilke H, Muller MR, Kolks S, Flasshove M, Schutte J, Stahl M, Schlenger L, Budach V, Greschuchna D, Stuben G, Teschler H, Sack H, Seeber S (1999) Prognostically orientated multimodality treatment including surgery for selected patients of small-cell lung cancer patients stages IB to IIIB: long-term results of a phase II trial. Br J Cancer 81: 1206–1212
    1. Eckardt JR (2003) Topotecan in relapsed small-cell lung cancer: can good things come in small packages? Clin Lung Cancer 4: 229–230
    1. Eckardt JR, Bentsion DL, Lipatov ON, Polyakov IS, Mackintosh FR, Karlin DA, Baker GS, Breitz HB (2009). Phase II study of picoplatin as second-line therapy for patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27: 2048–2051
    1. Eckardt JR, von Pawel J, Papai Z, Tomova A, Tzekova V, Crofts TE, Brannon S, Wissel P, Ross G (2006) Open-label, multicenter, randomized, phase III study comparing oral topotecan/cisplatin versus etoposide/cisplatin as treatment for chemotherapy-naive patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 24: 2044–2051
    1. Eckardt JR, von Pawel J, Pujol JL, Papai Z, Quoix E, Ardizzoni A, Poulin R, Preston AJ, Dane G, Ross G (2007). Phase III study of oral compared with intravenous topotecan as second-line therapy in small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 25: 2086–2092
    1. Ettinger DS, Jotte RM, Gupta V, Allen AR, Oliver JW (2008) A phase II trial of single-agent amrubicin (AMR) in patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) that is refractory or progressive within 90 days of completion of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 26. Abstract 8041
    1. Faivre-Finn C, Falk S (2009) CONVERT: concurrent once-daily versus twice-daily radiotherapy – a new phase III randomised controlled trial for patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer and good performance status. Lung Cancer 63: S12
    1. Felip E, Pavlidis N, Stahel RA (2005) ESMO minimum clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Ann Oncol 16(Suppl 1): i30–i31
    1. Field JK, Duffy SW (2008) Lung cancer screening: the way forward. Br J Cancer 99: 557–562
    1. Fischer B, Arcaro A (2008) Current status of clinical trials for small cell lung cancer. Rev Recent Clin Trials 3: 40–61
    1. Fossella F, McCann J, Tolcher A, Xie H, Hwang L, Carr C, Berg K, Fram R (2005) Phase II trial of BB-10901 (huN901-DM1) given weekly for four consecutive weeks every 6 weeks in patients with relapsed SCLC and CD56-positive small cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 23. Abstract 7159
    1. Fox W, Scadding JG (1973) Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of bronchus. Ten-year follow-up. Lancet 2: 63–65
    1. Fried DB, Morris DE, Poole C, Rosenman JG, Halle JS, Detterbeck FC, Hensing TA, Socinski MA (2004) Systematic review evaluating the timing of thoracic radiation therapy in combined modality therapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 22: 4837–4845
    1. Fujimori K, Yokoyama A, Kurita Y, Terashima M (1997) A pilot phase 2 study of surgical treatment after induction chemotherapy for resectable stage I to IIIA small cell lung cancer. Chest 111: 1089–1093
    1. Furuse K, Kubota K, Kawahara M, Takada M, Kimura I, Fujii M, Ohta M, Hasegawa K, Yoshida K, Nakajima S, Ogura T, Niitani H, Japan Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Study Group (1996). Phase II study of vinorelbine in heavily previously treated small cell lung cancer. Oncology 53: 169–172
    1. Gandara DR, Kawaguchi T, Crowley J, Moon J, Furuse K, Kawahara M, Teramukai S, Ohe Y, Kubota K, Williamson SK, Gautschi O, Lenz HJ, McLeod HL, Lara Jr PN, Coltman Jr CA, Fukuoka M, Saijo N, Fukushima M, Mack PC (2009) Japanese-US common-arm analysis of paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a model for assessing population-related pharmacogenomics. J Clin Oncol 27: 3540–3546
    1. Gitlitz BJ, Glisson BS, Moon J, Reimers H, Gandara DR (2008) Sorafenib in patients with platinum (plat) treated extensive stage small cell lung cancer (E-SCLC): a SWOG (S0435) phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 26. Abstract 8039
    1. Gralla RJ (2004) Quality-of-life considerations in patients with advanced lung cancer: effect of topotecan on symptom palliation and quality of life. Oncologist 9(Suppl 6): 14–24
    1. Groen HJ, Smit EF, Haaxma-Reiche H, Postmus PE (1993) Carboplatin as second line treatment for recurrent or progressive brain metastases from small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 29A: 1696–1699
    1. Gronberg BH, Bremnes RM, Aasebo U, Brunsvig P, Flotten O, Amundsen T, von Plessen C, Wang M, Sundstrom S (2008) A prospective phase II study: high-dose pemetrexed as second-line chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 63: 88–93
    1. Hanna N, Bunn Jr PA, Langer C, Einhorn L, Guthrie Jr T, Beck T, Ansari R, Ellis P, Byrne M, Morrison M, Hariharan S, Wang B, Sandler A (2006a) Randomized phase III trial comparing irinotecan/cisplatin with etoposide/cisplatin in patients with previously untreated extensive-stage disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 24: 2038–2043
    1. Hanna NH, Ansari R, Bhatia S, Govindan R, Bruetman D, Hosford M, Fisher W, White A, Breen T, Juliar B (2006b) Pemetrexed in patients (pts) with relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC): a phase II study from the Hoosier Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 24. Abstract 7063
    1. Heigener DF, Freitag L, Eschbach C, Huber RM, Fink T, Hummler S, Banik N, Wolf M (2008) Topotecan/cisplatin (TP) compared to cisplatin/etoposide (PE) for patients with extensive disease-small cell lung cancer (ED- SCLC): final results of a randomised phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 26. Abstract 7513
    1. Hermes A, Bergman B, Bremnes R, Ek L, Fluge S, Sederholm C, Sundstrøm S, Thaning L, Vilsvik J, Aasebø U, Sörenson S (2008). Irinotecan plus carboplatin versus oral etoposide plus carboplatin in extensive small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 26: 4261–4267
    1. Hoang T, Kim K, Jaslowaski A, Koch P, Beatty P, McGovern J, Quisumbing M, Shapiro G, Witte R, Schiller JH (2003). Phase II Study of second-line gemcitabine in sensitive or refractory small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 42: 97–102
    1. Huncharek M, McGarry R (2004) A meta-analysis of the timing of chest irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 9: 665–672
    1. Inoue A, Sugawara S, Yamazaki K, Maemondo M, Suzuki T, Gomi K, Takanashi S, Inoue C, Inage M, Yokouchi H, Watanabe H, Tsukamoto T, Saijo Y, Ishimoto O, Hommura F, Nukiwa T (2008) Randomized phase II trial comparing amrubicin with topotecan in patients with previously treated small-cell lung cancer: North Japan Lung Cancer Study Group Trial 0402. J Clin Oncol 26: 5401–5406
    1. Jalal SI, Bhatia S, Einhorn LH, Ansari RH, Bechar N, Govindan R, Koneru K, Bedano PM, Wu J, Hanna NH (2008) Paclitaxel (P) plus bevacizumab (B) in patients (pts) with chemosensitive relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC): a safety, feasibility and efficacy trial from the Hoosier Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 26. Abstract 19103
    1. Jassem j, Karnicka-Mlodkowska H, van Pottelsberghe C, van Glabbeke M, Noseda MA, Ardizzoni A, Gozzelino F, Planting A, van Zandwijk N, EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperative Group (1993). Phase II study of vinorelbine (Navelbine) in previously treated small cell lung cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 29A: 1720–1722
    1. Johl J, Chansky K, Lara PN, Davies AM, Bold R, Gandara DR (2005) The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (Bortezomib) in platinum (plat)-treated extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (E-SCLC): a SWOG (0327) phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 23. Abstract 7047
    1. Joos G, Schallier D, Pinson P, Sterckx M, Van Meerbeeck JP (2004) Paclitaxel (PTX) as second line treatment in patients (pts) with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) refractory to carboplatin-etoposide: a multicenter phase II study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol (Abstr 7211)
    1. Johnson BE, Fischer T, Fischer B, Dunlop D, Rischin D, Silberman S, Kowalsaki MO, Sayles D, Dimitrijevic S, Fletcher C, Hornick J, Salgia R, Le Chevalier T (2003). Phase II study of imatinib in patients with small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9(16 Pt 1): 5880–5887
    1. Kato T, Nokihara H, Ohe Y, Yamamoto N, Sekine I, Kunitoh H, Kubota K, Nishiwaki Y, Saijo N, Tamura T (2006) Phase II trial of amrubicin in patients with previously treated small cell lung cancer (SCLC). J Clin Oncol 24. Abstract 7061
    1. Kim YH, Goto K, Yoh K, Niho S, Ohmatsu H, Kubota K, Saijo N, Nishiwaki Y (2008) Performance status and sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy are significant prognostic factors in patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer receiving second-line chemotherapy. Cancer 113: 2518–2523
    1. Krug LM, Crapanzano JP, Azzoli CG, Miller VA, Rizvi N, Gomez J, Kris MG, Pizzo B, Tyson L, Dunne M, Heelan RT (2005). Imatinib mesylate lacks activity in small cell lung carcinoma expressing c-kit protein: a phase II clinical trial. Cancer 103: 2128–2131
    1. Kudoh S, Yoshimura N, Kimura T, Mitsuoka S, Hirata K (2006) A phase II trial of amrubicin (AMR) for recurrent or refractory small cell lung cancer (SCLC). J Clin Oncol 24. Abstract 17053
    1. Lad T, Piantadosi S, Thomas P, Payne D, Ruckdeschel J, Giaccone G (1994) A prospective randomized trial to determine the benefit of surgical resection of residual disease following response of small cell lung cancer to combination chemotherapy. Chest 106: 320S–323S
    1. Lally BE, Urbanic JJ, Blackstock AW, Miller AA, Perry MC (2007) Small cell lung cancer: have we made any progress over the last 25 years? Oncologist 12: 1096–1104
    1. Lara Jr PN, Natale R, Crowley J, Lenz HJ, Redman MW, Carleton JE, Jett J, Langer CJ, Kuebler JP, Dakhil SR, Chansky K, Gandara DR (2009) Phase III trial of irinotecan/cisplatin compared with etoposide/cisplatin in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: clinical and pharmacogenomic results from SWOG S0124. J Clin Oncol 27: 2530–2535
    1. Lee SM, James LE, Qian W, Spiro S, Eisen T, Gower NH, Ferry DR, Gilligan D, Harper PG, Prendiville J, Hocking M, Rudd RM (2009) Comparison of gemcitabine and carboplatin versus cisplatin and etoposide for patients with poor-prognosis small cell lung cancer. Thorax 64(1): 75–80
    1. Lee SM, James L, Buchler T, Snee M, Ellis P, Hackshaw A (2008) Phase II trial of thalidomide with chemotherapy and as maintenance therapy for patients with poor prognosis small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 59: 364–368
    1. Lee SM, Woll PJ, Rudd R, Ferry D, O’Brien M, Middleton G, Spiro S, James L, Ali K, Jitlal M, Hackshaw A (2009) Anti-angiogenic therapy using thalidomide combined with chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(15): 1049–1057
    1. Lim E, Goldstraw P (2008) Surgery as primary treatment for limited disease small cell lung cancer: time to re-evaluate. J Clin Oncol 25. Abstract 7719
    1. Masters GA, Declerck L, Blanke C, Sandler A, DeVore R, Miller K, Johnoson D, Eastern Cooperative Group (2003). Phase II trial of gemcitabine in refractory or relapsed small-cell lung cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial 1597. J Clin Oncol 21: 1550–1555
    1. Masuda N, Fukuoka M, Kusunoki Y, Matsui K, Takifuji N, Kudoh S, Negoro S, Nishioka M, Nakagawa K, Takada M (1992). CPT-11: a new derivative of camptothecin for the treatment of refractory or relapsed small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 10: 1225–1229
    1. Mavroudis D, Papadakis E, Veslemes M, Tsiafaki X, Stavrakakis J, Kouroussis C, Kakolyris S, Bania E, Jordanoglou J, Agelidou M, Vlachonicolis J, Georgoulias V (2001) A multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing paclitaxel-cisplatin-etoposide versus cisplatin-etoposide as first-line treatment in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 12: 463–470
    1. Moore AM, Einhorn LH, Estes D, Govindan R, Axelson J, Vinson J, Breen TE, Yu M, Hanna NH (2006). Gefitinib in patients with chemo-sensitive and chemo-refractory relapsed small cell cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group phase II trial. Lung Cancer 52: 93–97
    1. NCCN (2008) Small cell lung cancer. In NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology V. 2010.
    1. Nicum SJ, O’Brien ME (2007) Topotecan for the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7: 795–801
    1. Niell HB, Herndon 2nd JE, Miller AA, Watson DM, Sandler AB, Kelly K, Marks RS, Perry MC, Ansari RH, Otterson G, Ellerton J, Vokes EE, Green MR (2005) Randomized phase III intergroup trial of etoposide and cisplatin with or without paclitaxel and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9732. J Clin Oncol 23: 3752–3759
    1. Niho S, Kubota K, Yoh K, Goto K, Ohmatsu H, Saijo N, Nishiwaki Y (2008) Clinical outcome of chemoradiotherapy in patients (pts) with limited-disease small-cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC) with ipsilateral pleural effusion. J Clin Oncol 26. Abstract 7524
    1. Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M, Negoro S, Sugiura T, Yokoyama A, Fukuoka M, Mori K, Watanabe K, Tamura T, Yamamoto S, Saijo N (2002) Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 346: 85–91
    1. O’Brien ME, Ciuleanu TE, Tsekov H, Shparyk Y, Cucevia B, Juhasz G, Thatcher N, Ross GA, Dane GC, Crofts T (2006) Phase III trial comparing supportive care alone with supportive care with oral topotecan in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 24: 5441–5447
    1. Ohe Y, Negoro S, Matsui K, Nakagawa K, Sugiura T, Takada Y, Nishiwaki Y, Yokota S, Kawahara M, Saijo N, Fukuoka M, Ariyoshi Y (2005) Phase I-II study of amrubicin and cisplatin in previously untreated patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 16: 430–436
    1. Okamoto H, Watanabe K, Kunikane H, Yokoyama A, Kudoh S, Asakawa T, Shibata T, Kunitoh H, Tamura T, Saijo N (2007) Randomised phase III trial of carboplatin plus etoposide vs split doses of cisplatin plus etoposide in elderly or poor-risk patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: JCOG 9702. Br J Cancer 97: 162–169
    1. Onoda S, Masuda N, Seto T, Eguchi K, Takiguchi Y, Isobe H, Okamoto H, Ogura T, Yokoyama A, Seki N, Asaka-Amano Y, Harada M, Tagawa A, Kunikane H, Yokoba M, Uematsu K, Kuriyama T, Kuroiwa Y, Watanabe K (2006) Phase II trial of amrubicin for treatment of refractory or relapsed small-cell lung cancer: Thoracic Oncology Research Group Study 0301. J Clin Oncol 24: 5448–5453
    1. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, Johnson DH, Perry MC, Souhami RL, Brodin O, Joss RA, Kies MS, Lebeau B (1992) A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 327: 1618–1624
    1. Pijls-Johannesma MC, De Ruysscher D, Lambin P, Rutten I, Vansteenkiste JF (2005) Early versus late chest radiotherapy for limited stage small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004700
    1. Popat S, O’Brien M (2005) Chemotherapy strategies in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs 16(4): 361–372
    1. Postmus PE, Haaxma-Reiche H, Gregor A, Groen HJ, Lewinski T, Scolard T, Kirkpatrick A, Curran D, Sahmoud T, Giaccone G (1998) Brain-only metastases of small cell lung cancer; efficacy of whole brain radiotherapy. An EORTC phase II study. Radiother Oncol 46: 29–32
    1. Postmus PE, Haaxma-Reiche H, Sleijfer DT, Kirkpatrick A, McVie JG, Kleisbauer JP (1989) High dose etoposide for brain metastases of small cell lung cancer. A phase II study. The EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. Br J Cancer 59: 254–256
    1. Postmus PE, Haaxma-Reiche H, Smit EF, Groen HJ, Karnicka H, Lewinski T, van Meerbeeck J, Clerico M, Gregor A, Curran D, Sahmoud T, Kirkpatrick A, Giaccone G (2000) Treatment of brain metastases of small-cell lung cancer: comparing teniposide and teniposide with whole-brain radiotherapy – a phase III study of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 18: 3400–3408
    1. Postmus PE, Smit EF, Haaxma-Reiche H, van Zandwijk N, Ardizzoni A, Quoix E, Kirkpatrick A, Sahmoud T, Giaccone G (1995) Teniposide for brain metastases of small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 13: 660–665
    1. Prophylactic-Cranial-Irradiation-Overview-Collaborative-Group (2000) Cranial irradiation for preventing brain metastases of small cell lung cancer in patients in complete remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD002805
    1. Pujol JL, Breton JL, Gervais R, Tanguy ML, Quoix E, David P, Janicot H, Westeel V, Gameroff S, Geneve J, Maraninchi D (2007) Phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled study of thalidomide in extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer after response to chemotherapy: an intergroup study FNCLCC cleo04 IFCT 00–01. J Clin Oncol 25: 3945–3951
    1. Ramalingam SS, Mack PC, Vokes EE, Longmate J, Govindan R, Koczywas M, Ivy SP, Belani CP, Gandara DR (2008) Cediranib (AZD2171) for the treatment of recurrent small cell lung cancer (SCLC): A California Consortium phase II study (NCI. J Clin Oncol 26. Abstract 8078
    1. Ready N, Dudek AZ, Wang XF, Graziano S, Green MR, Vokes EE (2007) CALGB 30306: a phase II study of cisplatin (C), irinotecan (I) and bevacizumab (B) for untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). J Clin Oncol 25. Abstract 7563
    1. Roth BJ, Johnson DH, Einhorn LH, Schacter LP, Cherng NC, Cohen HJ, Crawford J, Randolph JA, Goodlow JL, Broun GO (1992) Randomized study of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine versus etoposide and cisplatin versus alternation of these two regimens in extensive small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 10: 282–291
    1. Rudin CM, Salgia R, Wang X, Hodgson LD, Masters GA, Green M, Vokes EE (2008) Randomized phase II Study of carboplatin and etoposide with or without the bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide oblimersen for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: CALGB 30103. J Clin Oncol 26: 870–876
    1. Sandler A, Szwaric S, Dowlati A, Moore DF, Schiller JH (2007) A phase II study of cisplatin (P) plus etoposide (E) plus bevacizumab (B) for previously untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (E3501): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 25. Abstract 7564
    1. Schneider BJ et al. (2006) Phase II trial of imatinib maintenance therapy after irinotecan and cisplatin in patients with c-kit positive extensive-stage small cell lung cancer(ES SCLC). J Clin Oncol 2006. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceeding Part 1 24(18S): 17089
    1. Shepherd FA, Crowley J, Van Houtte P, Postmus PE, Carney D, Chansky K, Shaikh Z, Goldstraw P (2007) The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer lung cancer staging project: proposals regarding the clinical staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2: 1067–1077
    1. Skarlos DV, Samantas E, Kosmidis P, Fountzilas G, Angelidou M, Palamidas P, Mylonakis N, Provata A, Papadakis E, Klouvas G, Theocharis D, Panousaki E, Boleti E, Sphakianoudis G, Pavlidis N, for the Lung Cancer Study Group (1994) Randomized comparison of etoposide-cisplatin vs. etoposide-carboplatin and irradiation in small-cell lung cancer. A Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group study. Ann Oncol 5: 601–607
    1. Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, Rankin E, Snee M, Hatton M, Postmus P, Collette L, Musat E, Senan S (2007) Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 357: 664–672
    1. Smit EF, Fokkema E, Biesma B, Groen HJ, Snoek W, Postmus PE (1998). A phase II study of paclitaxel in heavily pretreated patients with small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 77: 347–351
    1. Socinski MA, Raju RN, Neubauer M, Smith DA, Richards DA, Savin M, Ruxer RL, Reynolds CH, Zhan F, Bromund JL, Chen R, Obasaju C (2008) Pemetrexed in relapsed small-cell lung cancer and the impact of shortened vitamin supplementation lead-in time: results of a phase II trial. J Thorac Oncol 3: 1308–1316
    1. Socinski MA, Smit EF, Lorigan P, Konduri K, Reck M, Szczesna A, Blakely J, Serwatowski P, Karaseva NA, Ciuleanu T, Jassem J, Dediu M, Hong S, Visseren-Grul C, Hanauske AR, Obasaju CK, Guba SC, Thatcher N (2009) Phase III study of pemetrexed plus carboplatin compared with etoposide plus carboplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 27: 4787–4792
    1. Socinski MA, Stinchcombe TE (2007) Duration of first-line chemotherapy in advanced non small-cell lung cancer: less is more in the era of effective subsequent therapies. J Clin Oncol 25: 5155–5157
    1. Spigel DR, Hainsworth JD, Simons L, Meng C, Burris III HA, Yardley DA, Grapski R, Schreeder M, Mallidi PV, Greco FA, Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network (2007). Irinotecan, carboplatin, and imatinib in untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Thorac Oncol 2: 854–861
    1. Stahel RA, Ginsberg R, Havemann K, Hirsch FR, Ihde DC, Jassem J (1989) Staging and prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer; a consensus report. Lung Cancer 5: 119–126
    1. Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebo U, Aamdal S (2005) Second-line chemotherapy in recurrent small cell lung cancer. Results from a crossover schedule after primary treatment with cisplatin and etoposide (EP-regimen) or cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristin (CEV-regimen). Lung Cancer 48: 251–261
    1. Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebo U, Hatlevoll R, Dahle R, Boye N, Wang M, Vigander T, Vilsvik J, Skovlund E, Hannisdal E, Aamdal S (2002) Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years’ follow-up. J Clin Oncol 20: 4665–4672
    1. Turrisi 3rd AT, Kim K, Blum R, Sause WT, Livingston RB, Komaki R, Wagner H, Aisner S, Johnson DH (1999) Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med 340: 265–271
    1. van der Lee I, Smit EF, van Putten JW, Groen HJ, Schlösser NJ, Postmus PE, Schramel FM (2001). Single-agent gemcitabine in patients with resistant small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 12: 557–561
    1. Vincent M, Evans B, Smith I (1988) First-line chemotherapy rechallenge after relapse in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 21: 45–48
    1. von Pawel J, Gatzemeier U, Pujol JL, Moreau L, Bildat S, Ranson M, Richardson G, Steppert C, Riviere A, Camlett I, Lane S, Ross G (2001) Phase ii comparator study of oral versus intravenous topotecan in patients with chemosensitive small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 19: 1743–1749
    1. von Pawel J, Schiller JH, Shepherd FA, Fields SZ, Kleisbauer JP, Chrysson NG, Stewart DJ, Clark PI, Palmer MC, Depierre A, Carmichael J, Krebs JB, Ross G, Lane SR, Gralla R (1999) Topotecan versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine for the treatment of recurrent small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 17: 658–667
    1. Warde P, Payne D (1992) Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 10: 890–895
    1. Yau T, Ashley S, Popat S, Norton A, Matakidou A, Coward J, O’Brien ME (2006) Time and chemotherapy treatment trends in the treatment of elderly patients (age >/=70 years) with small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 94: 18–21

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe