Repeated Exposure to Low-Sodium Cereal Affects Acceptance but Does not Shift Taste Preferences or Detection Thresholds of Children in a Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Background: Although salt taste preference is malleable in adults, no research to date has focused on children, whose dietary sodium intake exceeds recommended intake and whose salt taste preferences are elevated.

Objective: This proof-of-principle trial determined whether 8-wk exposure to low-sodium cereal (LSC) increased children's acceptance of its taste and changed their salty and sweet taste preferences.

Methods: Children (n = 39; ages 6-14 y; 67% female) were randomly assigned to ingest LSC or regular-sodium cereal (RSC) 4 times/wk for 8 wk. The cereals, similar in sugar (3 g/cup compared with 2 g/cup) and energy content (100 kcal/cup) yet different in sodium content (200 mg sodium/cup compared with 64 mg sodium/cup), were chosen based on taste evaluation by a panel of children. Mothers completed daily logs on children's cereal intake. At baseline and after the exposure period, taste tests determined which cereal children preferred and measured children's most preferred amount of salt (primary outcomes), and most preferred amount of sucrose and salt taste detection thresholds (secondary outcomes). Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted on primary and secondary outcomes, and generalized estimating equations were conducted on amount of cereal ingested at home over time.

Results: Both treatment groups accepted and ate the assigned cereal throughout the 8-wk exposure. There were no group × time interactions in salt detection thresholds (P = 0.32) or amount of salt (P = 0.30) and sucrose (P = 0.77) most preferred, which were positively correlated (P = 0.001). At baseline and after the exposure, the majority in both groups preferred the taste of the RSC relative to LSC (P > 0.40).

Conclusions: Children showed no change in salt preference but readily ate the LSC for 8 consecutive weeks. Findings highlight the potential for reducing children's dietary salt intake by incorporating low-sodium foods in the home environment without more preferred higher-salt versions of these foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02909764.

Keywords: cereal; children; ingestive behavior; repeated exposure; salt; sodium; taste detection threshold; taste preference.

Copyright © American Society for Nutrition 2019.

Figures

FIGURE 1

Trial profile. LSC, low-sodium cereal; RSC, regular-sodium cereal.

FIGURE 2

Cereal intake (g) during the home exposure period by cereal treatment group (LSC, RSC). Values are means ± SEM; n = 20 LSC and n = 19 RSC. LSC, low-sodium cereal; RSC, regular-sodium cereal.

FIGURE 3

The amount of salt (M) most preferred (A; n = 16 LSC and 16 RSC), amount of sucrose (M) most preferred (B; n = 20 LSC and 19 RSC), and detection thresholds (M) for salt (C; n = 15 LSC and 16 RSC) at baseline and after 8-wk exposure period by cereal treatment group (LSC, RSC). Values are means ± SEM. LSC, low-sodium cereal; RSC, regular-sodium cereal.

FIGURE 4

The relation between each child's most preferred salty taste and most preferred sweet taste. Values are means of 2 test sessions, n = 16 LSC and 15 RSC; or 1 test session, n = 4 LSC and 4 RSC. LSC, low-sodium cereal; RSC, regular-sodium cereal.