Shifts on Gut Microbiota Associated to Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Specific Dietary Intakes on General Adult Population

Izaskun Garcia-Mantrana, Marta Selma-Royo, Cristina Alcantara, María C Collado, Izaskun Garcia-Mantrana, Marta Selma-Royo, Cristina Alcantara, María C Collado

Abstract

There is increasing evidence for the interaction between gut microbiome, diet, and health. It is known that dysbiosis is related to disease and that most of the times this imbalances in gut microbial populations can be promoted through diet. Western dietary habits, which are characterized by high intakes of calories, animal proteins, saturated fats, and simple sugars have been linked with higher risk of obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the impact of dietary patterns, dietary components, and nutrients on gut microbiota in healthy people. The aim of our study is to determine the effect of nutrient compounds as well as adherence to a dietary pattern, as the Mediterranean diet (MD) on the gut microbiome of healthy adults. Consequently, gut microbiota composition in healthy individuals, may be used as a potential biomarker to identify nutritional habits as well as risk of disease related to these habits. Dietary information from healthy volunteers (n = 27) was recorded using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Adherence to the MD was measured using the PREDIMED test. Microbiota composition and diversity were obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Microbial metabolic activity was determined by quantification of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that a higher ratio of Firmicutes-Bacteroidetes was related to lower adherence to the MD, and greater presence of Bacteroidetes was associated with lower animal protein intake. High consumption of animal protein, saturated fats, and sugars affected gut microbiota diversity. A significant higher presence of Christensenellaceae was found in normal-weight individuals compared to those who were overweight. This was also the case in volunteers with greater adherence to the MD compared to those with lower adherence. Butyricimonas, Desulfovibrio, and Oscillospira genera were associated with a BMI <25 and the genus Catenibacterium with a higher PREDIMED score. Higher bifidobacterial counts, and higher total SCFA were related to greater consumption of plant-based nutrients, such as vegetable proteins and polysaccharides. Better adherence to the MD was associated with significantly higher levels of total SCFA. Consequently, diet and specific dietary components could affect microbiota composition, diversity, and activity, which may have an effect on host metabolism by increasing the risk of Western diseases.

Keywords: diet patterns; feces; mediterranean diet; microbiota; nutrition.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Microbiota composition and SCFA profile according to specific nutrient intake. (A) Total SCFA levels measured by HPLC according to specific nutrient intake as vegetal protein, polysaccharides and dietary fiber; (B) Specific microbial levels measured with qPCR according to specific nutrient intakes as vegetal protein, polysaccharides and dietary fiber.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Microbiota composition by 16S rDNA sequencing. Microbial Relative abundances (%) at phylum (A: General profile, B: according to BMI, and C: according to MD adherence) and family level (D: General profile, E: according to BMI, and F: according to MD adherence) found in the gut microbiome of volunteers.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) plot of taxonomic biomarkers identified in the gut microbiome of volunteers. Specific bacterial traits found at family and genus levels according to BMI (A,B, respectively) and associated with the adherence to Mediterranean diet (C,D, respectively). The LEfSe algorithm, emphasizing both statistical and biological relevance, was used for biomarker discovery. The threshold for the logarithmic discriminant analysis (LDA) score was 3.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Microbiota profile and SCFA profile according to specific nutrient intake. (A) Significantly different taxa at phylum level related to nutrient intake. (B) Bacterial diversity and richness at OTUs level according to nutrient intake.

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