Cross-Lagged Associations between Depressive Symptoms and Response Style in Adolescents

Kim M van Ettekoven, Sanne P A Rasing, Ad A Vermulst, Rutger C M E Engels, Karlijn C M Kindt, Daan H M Creemers, Kim M van Ettekoven, Sanne P A Rasing, Ad A Vermulst, Rutger C M E Engels, Karlijn C M Kindt, Daan H M Creemers

Abstract

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent during adolescence and they are a major concern for individuals and society. The Response Style Theory and the Scar Theory both suggest a relationship between response styles and depressive symptoms, but the theories differ in the order of the development of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal reciprocal prospective relationships between depressive symptoms and response styles were examined in a community sample of 1343 adolescents. Additionally, response style was constructed with the traditional approach, which involves examining three response styles separately without considering the possible relations between them, and with the ratio approach, which accounts for all three response styles simultaneously. No reciprocal relationships between depressive symptoms and response style were found over time. Only longitudinal relationships between response style and depressive symptoms were significant. This study found that only depressive symptoms predicted response style, whereas the response style did not emerge as an important underlying mechanism responsible for developing and maintaining depressive symptoms in adolescents. These findings imply that prevention and intervention programs for adolescents with low depressive symptoms should not focus on adaptive and maladaptive response style strategies to decrease depressive symptoms, but should focus more on behavioral interventions.

Keywords: adolescents; cross-lagged model; depression; emotion regulation; response style.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A cross-lagged model of depressive symptoms and rumination. Note. * p < 0.05 *** p < 0.001.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A cross-lagged model of depressive symptoms and distraction. Note. * p < 0.05 *** p < 0.001.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A cross-lagged model of depressive symptoms and problem-solving. Note. * p < 0.05 *** p < 0.001.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A cross-lagged model of Depressive Symptoms and Rumination measured with ratio scores. Note. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.
Figure 5
Figure 5
A cross-lagged model of Depressive Symptoms and Distraction measured with ratio scores. Note. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.
Figure 6
Figure 6
A cross-lagged model of Depressive Symptoms and Problem-Solving measured with ratio scores. Note. * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.

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