Resilience and Family Socialization Processes in Ethnic Minority Youth: Illuminating the Achievement-Health Paradox

Stacey N Doan, Stephanie H Yu, Blanche Wright, Joey Fung, Farzana Saleem, Anna S Lau, Stacey N Doan, Stephanie H Yu, Blanche Wright, Joey Fung, Farzana Saleem, Anna S Lau

Abstract

Youth in marginalized communities who "strive" to rise above adversity, including systemic racism and poverty, are considered "resilient." African-American, Latinx, and Asian-American youth often achieve admirable academic success despite limited social capital and high early life stress by adopting a "striving persistent behavioral style" (SPBS). SPBS may be supported by family socialization processes that facilitate reliance on self-regulation processes. Unfortunately, a young person's resilience in one domain (i.e., academic) can come at a cost in other domains, including physical and mental health morbidities that are under-identified and under-treated. Indeed, research suggests a link between SPBS in the face of adversity and later health morbidities among ethnic minority youth. Herein, we describe SPBS as an adaptation to minority stress that not only promotes social mobility but may also stoke physical and mental health disparities. We review how family processes related to academic, emotional, and ethnic-racial socialization can facilitate the striving persistent behavioral style. We emphasize the double bind that ethnic minority families are caught in and discuss directions for future research and clinical implications for individual and family-level interventions. While needed, we argue that individual and family-level interventions represent a near-term work around. Solutions and factors that shape the need for SPBS and its cost must be addressed structurally.

Keywords: Cost of competence; Ethnic minority youth; Family socialization; Resilience.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors have any conflict of interest to declare.

© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Social Determinants, Family Socialization, and Self-Regulation Processes Contributing to Youth Striving Persistent Behavioral Style. Figure Caption. Socialization practices common in racial/ethnic minority families are shaped not only by heritage cultural factors but also profoundly by socio-ecological demands and challenges associated with minority stress. Disproportionate exposure to adversity stemming from structural racism, oppression, chronic stress and scarcity evoke racial, emotional, and academic socialization practices that collectively can increase the likelihood of a Striving Persistent Behavioral Style in youth. This style is characterized by self-regulatory processes of emotion suppression, prevention motivation, and unmodulated perseverance. This approach to self-regulation can be adaptive in subserving the goal of promoting academic achievement, but may also be associated with costs, including internalizing mental health symptoms and the cumulative effects of heightened allostatic load that drive persistent racial disparities in health

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