Probiotics: A Dietary Factor to Modulate the Gut Microbiome, Host Immune System, and Gut-Brain Interaction

Tetsuji Hori, Kazunori Matsuda, Kenji Oishi, Tetsuji Hori, Kazunori Matsuda, Kenji Oishi

Abstract

Various benefits of probiotics to the host have been shown in numerous human clinical trials. These organisms have been proposed to act by improving the balance of the gut microbiota and enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as by interacting with host cells in the gastrointestinal tract, including immune cells, nerve cells, and endocrine cells. Although the stimulation of host cells by probiotics and subsequent signaling have been explained by in vitro experiments and animal studies, there has been some skepticism as to whether probiotics can actually interact with host cells in the human gastrointestinal tract, where miscellaneous indigenous bacteria coexist. Most recently, it has been shown that the ileal microbiota in humans after consumption of a fermented milk is occupied by probiotics for several hours, indicating that there is adequate opportunity for the ingested strain to stimulate the host cells continuously over a period of time. As the dynamics of ingested probiotics in the human gastrointestinal tract become clearer, further progress in this research area is expected to elucidate their behavior within the tract, as well as the mechanism of their physiological effects on the host.

Keywords: gut microbiome; gut–brain interaction; health; immune control; probiotics.

Conflict of interest statement

T.H., K.M. and K.O. are employees of Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hypothetical immune control and gut–brain interaction by the intestinal microbiome. (A) Immune, nerve, and endocrine cells in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are continuously stimulated by indigenous bacteria. Even when a small number of probiotics coexist, stimulation by the predominant commensal bacteria affects immune control and the gut–brain interaction. (B) During the time period when ingested probiotics occupy the upper GIT, stimulation by the probiotics preferentially contributes to immune control and the gut–brain interaction. Long blue rods: ingested probiotic strain. Red cocci and short green rods: indigenous bacteria.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Modulation of the microbiota–gut–brain interaction by probiotics. EECs, enteroendocrine cells.

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