Double-blind randomized controlled trial of caudal versus intravenous S(+)-ketamine for supplementation of caudal analgesia in children

Abstract

Background: The postoperative analgesic efficacy of S(+)-ketamine after caudal or i.v. administration following sub-umbilical surgery in children was studied to investigate its principal site of analgesic action.

Methods: Sixty children undergoing caudal block during general anaesthesia for hernia repair or orchidopexy were prospectively randomized to one of three groups: the bupivicaine group received plain bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml x kg(-1); the caudal ketamine group received caudal plain bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml x kg(-1) with S(+)-ketamine 0.5 mg x kg(-1); the i.v. ketamine group received caudal plain bupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml x kg(-1) plus S(+)-ketamine 0.5 mg x kg(-1) i.v. Postoperative measurements included analgesic requirements and modified objective pain score for the first 24 h.

Results: The median time to first analgesia was significantly longer in the caudal ketamine group (10 h) than in the i.v. ketamine (4.63 h) or bupivacaine (4.75 h) groups (P=0.01). Significantly fewer doses of analgesia were required over the first postoperative 24 h by subjects in the caudal ketamine group (median 1) compared with the i.v. ketamine (median 2) or bupivacaine (median 2.5) groups (P<0.05). There was no difference between the groups in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting or psychomotor reactions.

Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the addition of caudal S(+)-ketamine to bupivacaine prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia. However, the same dose of i.v. S(+)-ketamine combined with a plain bupivacaine caudal provides no better analgesia than caudal bupivacaine alone, indicating that the principal analgesic effect of caudal S(+)-ketamine results from a local neuroaxial rather than a systemic effect.