Vitamin K effects in human health: new insights beyond bone and cardiovascular health

Maria Fusaro, Maurizio Gallieni, Camillo Porta, Thomas L Nickolas, Pascale Khairallah, Maria Fusaro, Maurizio Gallieni, Camillo Porta, Thomas L Nickolas, Pascale Khairallah

Abstract

Vitamin K is a cofactor for the function of the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, necessary for the activation of multiple vitamin K dependent-proteins. Vitamin K dependent-proteins (VKDPs) have important roles in bone health, vascular health, metabolism, reproduction as well as in cancer progression. Vitamin K deficiency is common in different conditions, including kidney disease, and it may influence the activity of VKDPs. This review discusses vitamin K status in human health and the physiologic and pathologic roles of VKDPs, beyond the established effects in skeletal and cardiovascular health.

Keywords: Bone disease; Cancer; Chronic kidney disease; Vascular calcifications; Vitamin K.

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