Factor Structure of Urdu Version of the Flourishing Scale

Fahad R Choudhry, Yaser M Al-Worafi, Bushra Akram, Mirza A Ahmed, Muhammad Anwar Ul Haq, Tahir Mehmood Khan, Inayat U Rehman, Nadia Barki, Khadeeja Munawar, Anila Kamal, Yaman W Kassab, Faizah S Bakrin, Karen J Golden, Fahad R Choudhry, Yaser M Al-Worafi, Bushra Akram, Mirza A Ahmed, Muhammad Anwar Ul Haq, Tahir Mehmood Khan, Inayat U Rehman, Nadia Barki, Khadeeja Munawar, Anila Kamal, Yaman W Kassab, Faizah S Bakrin, Karen J Golden

Abstract

Background: A great deal of research has been carried out on the assessment of the eudaimonic perspective of psychological well-being and the hedonic perspective of subjective well-being. The Flourishing Scale (FS) has been extensively used in research and practice, as it assesses the fundamental aspects of social psychological functioning. Nevertheless, the psychometric properties of Urdu versions of eudaimonic measures, such as the FS, have not yet been ascertained. The translation and validation of the FS in the Urdu language was not available, and hence this study was planned with the aim to validate the Urdu version of the FS. Methods: We assessed the psychometric properties of the FS in a sample of adults aged 18 years and above in Pakistan (N = 130) using exploratory factor analysis based on principal component analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The exploratory factor analysis confirmed the unidimensional nature of the 8-item FS. We assessed that the Urdu version of the FS showed a high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.914) with a significant intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), p < 0.001). In our study, the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin value was 0.915 with a chi-square test value (χ2) of 637.687, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (df = 28, p < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) at test-retest for all domains were statistically significant (p < 0.001) and showed excellent agreement for all the items. The revised confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good-fit model, but with item 8-"People respect me"-removed due to its lower factor loading. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the FS is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing social psychological functioning among adults in Pakistan. Therefore, the validated Urdu version of the FS may be used in future studies of well-being in clinical psychology and positive psychology.

Keywords: Pakistan; confirmatory factor analysis; flourishing; mental well-being; positive psychology; psychological well-being; psychometric properties; social psychological functioning.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Factor loading of all items.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Factor loading of all items except item 8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6157420/bin/fpsyg-09-01513-g0003.jpg

References

    1. Arrosa M. L., Gandelman N. (2016). Happiness decomposition: female optimism. J. Happiness Stud. 17, 731–756. 10.1007/s10902-015-9618-8
    1. BBC (2014). Languages - Urdu - A Guide to Urdu - 10 Facts About the Urdu Language. Available online at:
    1. Bech P. (1999). Health-related quality of life measurements in the assessment of pain clinic results. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 43, 893–896. 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430906.x
    1. Bradburn N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-being. Chicago, Aldine Pub. Co.
    1. Browne M. W., Cudeck R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit, in Testing Structural Equation Models, eds Bollen K. A., Long J. S. (Newbury Park, CA: Sage; ), 136–162.
    1. Busseri M. A., Sadava S. W. (2011). A review of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: implications for conceptualization, operationalization, analysis, and synthesis. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 15, 290–314. 10.1177/1088868310391271
    1. Checa I., Perales J., Espejo B. (2017). Spanish validation of the Flourishing Scale in the general population. Curr. Psychol. 1–8. 10.1007/s12144-017-9581-0 Available online at:
    1. Corey Lee M. K. (1998). Social well-being. Soc. Psychol. Q. 61, 121–140. 10.2307/2787065
    1. Diener E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychol. Bull. 95, 542–575. 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
    1. Diener E., Biswas-Diener R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
    1. Diener E., Emmons R. A., Larsen R. J., Griffin S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J. Pers. Assess. 49, 71–75. 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
    1. Diener E., Kesebir P., Lucas R. (2008). Benefits of accounts of well-being—for societies and for psychological science. Appl. Psychol. 57, 37–53. 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00353.x
    1. Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E., Smith H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychol. Bull. 125, 276–302. 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
    1. Diener E., Wirtz D., Biswas-Diener R., Tov W., Kim-Prieto C., Choi D. W., et al. (2009). New measures of well-being, in Assessing Well-Being, ed Diener E. (Dordrecht; New York, NY: Springer; ), 247–266.
    1. Diener E., Wirtz D., Tov W., Kim-Prieto C., Choi D. W., Oishi S., et al. (2010). New well-being measures: Short Scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Soc. Ind. Res. 97, 143–156. 10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
    1. Duan W., Xie D. (2016). Measuring adolescent flourishing: psychometric properties of Flourishing Scale in a sample of Chinese adolescents. J. Psychoeduc. Assess. 1–5. 10.1177/0734282916655504
    1. Esch T., Jose G., Gimpel C., Von Scheidt C., Michalsen A. (2013). [The Flourishing Scale (FS) by Diener et al. is now available in an authorized German version (FS-D): application in mind-body medicine]. Forsch Komplement. 20, 267–275. 10.1159/000354414
    1. Field A. P. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd Edn. Los Angeles, CA; London: Sage Publications.
    1. Forgeard M. J. C., Jayawickreme E., Kern M. L., Seligman M. E. P. (2011). Doing the right thing: measuring wellbeing for public policy. Int. J. Wellbeing 1, 79–106. 10.5502/ijw.v1i1.15
    1. George D. M. P. (2003). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. 11.0 update. Reference and Research Book News 17 (Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon; ).
    1. Giuntoli L., Ceccarini F., Sica C., Caudek C. (2017). Validation of the Italian versions of the Flourishing Scale and of the scale of positive and negative experience. SAGE Open 7, 1–12. 10.1177/2158244016682293
    1. Group I. W. (2006). Personal Wellbeing Index. Melbourne, Australian Centre on Quality of Life: School of Psychology, Deakin University. Available online at: (Accessed November 3, 2017).
    1. Guillemin F., Bombardier C., Beaton D. (1993). Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 46, 1417–1432. 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N
    1. Henson R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: a conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measur. Evalu. Couns. Dev. 34, 177–189. Available online at:
    1. Hills P., Argyle M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Pers. Individ. Diff. 33, 1073–1082. 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
    1. Hojabrian H., Rezaei A. M., Bigdeli I., Najafi M., Mohammadifar M. A. (2018). Construction and Validation of the Human Psychological Flourishing Scale (HPFS) in sociocultural context of Iran. Pract. Clin. Psychol. 6, 129–139. 10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.2.129
    1. Hone L., Jarden A., Schofield G. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Flourishing Scale in a New Zealand sample. Soc. Ind. Res. 119, 1031–1045. 10.1007/s11205-013-0501-x
    1. Hone L. C., Jarden A., Schofield G. M., Duncan S. (2014). Measuring flourishing: the impact of operational definitions on the prevalence of high levels of wellbeing. Int. J. Wellbeing 4, 62–90. 10.5502/ijw.v4i1.4
    1. Howell A. J., Buro K. (2014). Measuring and predicting student well-being: further evidence in support of the Flourishing Scale and the scale of positive and negative experiences. Soc. Ind. Res. 121, 903–915. 10.1007/s11205-014-0663-1
    1. Huppert F. A., So T. C. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Soc. Ind. Res. 110, 837–861. 10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7
    1. Hutcheson G. D., Sofroniou N. (1999). The Multivariate Social Scientist: Introductory Statistics Using Generalized Linear Models. London: Sage.
    1. Kaiser H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39, 31–36. 10.1007/BF02291575
    1. Keyes C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. J. Health Soc. Behav. 43, 207–222. 10.2307/3090197
    1. Keyes C. L. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 73, 539–548. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539
    1. Keyes C. L. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: a complementary strategy for improving national mental health. Am. Psychol. 62, 95–108. 10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.95
    1. Keyes C. L., Wissing M., Potgieter J. P., Temane M., Kruger A., Van Rooy S. (2008). Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in setswana-speaking South Africans. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 15, 181–192. 10.1002/cpp.572
    1. Lai B. P., Chung T. K., Lee D. T., Kong G. W., Lok I. H. (2013). Measuring grief following miscarriage: psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Perinatal Grief Scale. Assessment 20, 123–129. 10.1177/1073191110397275
    1. Lee G. R., Ishii-Kuntz M. (1987). Social interaction, loneliness, and emotional well-being among the elderly. Res. Aging 9, 459–482. 10.1177/0164027587094001
    1. Lyubomirsky S., Lepper H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Soc. Ind. Res. 46, 137–155. 10.1023/A:1006824100041
    1. McDowell I. (2006). Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    1. Nunnally J. C., Bernstein I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    1. Ramírez-Maestre C., Correa M., Rivas T., López-Martínez A. E., Serrano-Ibáñez E. R., Esteve R. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of the Flourishing Scale-Spanish Version (FS-SV). The factorial structure in two samples: students and patients with chronic pain. Pers. Individ. Diff. 117, 30–36. 10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.035
    1. Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. (eds.) (2001). To Be Happy or to be Self-fulfilled: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-being. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews/Inc.
    1. Ryff C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:1069 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
    1. Ryff C. D., Keyes C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69, 719–727. 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
    1. Schimmack U., Diener E., Oishi S. (2002). Life-satisfaction is a momentary judgment and a stable personality characteristic: the use of chronically accessible and stable sources. J. Pers. 70, 345–384. 10.1111/1467-6494.05008
    1. Schotanus-Dijkstra M., ten Klooster P. M., Drossaert C. H. C., Pieterse M. E., Bolier L., Walburg J. A., et al. . (2016). Validation of the Flourishing Scale in a sample of people with suboptimal levels of mental well-being. BMC Psychol. 4:12. 10.1186/s40359-016-0116-5
    1. Schreiber J. B., Nora A., Stage F. K., Barlow E. A., King J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. J. Educ. Res. 99, 323–338. 10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
    1. Seligman M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary Understanding of Happiness and Well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.
    1. Silva A. J., Caetano A. (2013). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in Portugal. Soc. Ind. Res. 110, 469–478. 10.1007/s11205-011-9938-y
    1. Singh K., Junnarkar M., Jaswal S. (2017). Validating the Flourishing Scale and the scale of positive and negative experience in India. Mental Health Relig. Cult. 19, 943–954, 10.1080/13674676.2016.1229289
    1. Sumi K. (2014). Reliability and validity of Japanese versions of the Flourishing scale and the scale of positive and negative experience. Soc. Ind. Res. 118, 601–615. 10.1007/s11205-013-0432-6
    1. Tabachnick B. G., Fidell L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
    1. Tang X., Duan W., Wang Z., Liu T. (2016). Psychometric evaluation of the simplified chinese version of Flourishing Scale. Res. Soc. Work Pract. 26, 591–599. 10.1177/1049731514557832
    1. Tennant R., Hiller L., Fishwick R., Platt S., Joseph S., Weich S., et al. . (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 5:63. 10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
    1. Tong K. K., Wang Y. Y. (2017). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in a Chinese community sample. PLoS ONE 12:e0181616. 10.1371/journal.pone.0181616
    1. Vujčić M. T., Lipovčan L. K., Larsen Z. P., Brajša-Žganec A., Franc R. (2017). Flourishing in Croatia: the validation of the croatian versions of the Flourishing Scale and the scale of positive and negative experience, in A World to Win: European Happiness Days (Rotterdam, Netherlands: ).
    1. Watson D., Clark L. A., Tellegen A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54, 1063–1070. 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
    1. Wheaton B., Muthén B., Alwin D. F., Summers G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociol. Methodol. 8, 84–136. 10.2307/270754
    1. Wild D., Grove A., Martin M., Eremenco S., Mcelroy S., Verjee-Lorenz A., et al. . (2005). Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Val. Health 8, 94–104. 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe