Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes

Gabriele Piuri, Monica Zocchi, Matteo Della Porta, Valentina Ficara, Michele Manoni, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Luciano Pinotti, Jeanette A Maier, Roberta Cazzola, Gabriele Piuri, Monica Zocchi, Matteo Della Porta, Valentina Ficara, Michele Manoni, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Luciano Pinotti, Jeanette A Maier, Roberta Cazzola

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg2+) deficiency is probably the most underestimated electrolyte imbalance in Western countries. It is frequent in obese patients, subjects with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, both in adulthood and in childhood. This narrative review aims to offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Mg2+ deficiency with obesity and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Literature highlights critical issues about the treatment of Mg2+ deficiency, such as the lack of a clear definition of Mg2+ nutritional status, the use of different Mg2+ salts and dosage and the different duration of the Mg2+ supplementation. Despite the lack of agreement, an appropriate dietary pattern, including the right intake of Mg2+, improves metabolic syndrome by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This occurs through the modulation of gene expression and proteomic profile as well as through a positive influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of vitamins B1 and D.

Keywords: gut microbiota; magnesium; magnesium deficiency; magnesium supplementation; metabolic syndrome; obesity; type 2 diabetes; vitamin D.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Physio-pathological mechanisms of magnesium deficiency in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Links between Mg2+ and insulin signaling. For details, please see the text.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation in hypomagnesemic patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

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