Cellular senescence in osteoarthritis pathology

Kendal McCulloch, Gary J Litherland, Taranjit Singh Rai, Kendal McCulloch, Gary J Litherland, Taranjit Singh Rai

Abstract

Cellular senescence is a state of stable proliferation arrest of cells. The senescence pathway has many beneficial effects and is seen to be activated in damaged/stressed cells, as well as during embryonic development and wound healing. However, the persistence and accumulation of senescent cells in various tissues can also impair function and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA), a severely debilitating chronic condition characterized by progressive tissue remodeling and loss of joint function, is the most prevalent disease of the synovial joints, and increasing age is the primary OA risk factor. The profile of inflammatory and catabolic mediators present during the pathogenesis of OA is strikingly similar to the secretory profile observed in 'classical' senescent cells. During OA, chondrocytes (the sole cell type present within articular cartilage) exhibit increased levels of various senescence markers, such as senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SAβGal) activity, telomere attrition, and accumulation of p16ink4a. This suggests the hypothesis that senescence of cells within joint tissues may play a pathological role in the causation of OA. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which senescent cells may predispose synovial joints to the development and/or progression of OA, as well as touching upon various epigenetic alterations associated with both OA and senescence.

Keywords: cellular senescence; epigenetics; osteoarthritis.

© 2017 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Various factors believed to contribute to the onset of OA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A comparison of a normal ‘healthy’ articular joint with that of a joint with OA. We also highlight the characteristics of the senescent phenotype that could potentially play a role in specific alterations seen in OA (seen in blue). (A) A diagram of a normal healthy joint. (B) A diagram of an OA‐affected joint, highlighting common changes, for example, cartilage degradation; synovial hypertrophy often accompanied by inflammation (synovitis); formation of peri‐articular osteophytes; osteosclerosis of subchondral bone.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A comparison of the different characteristics observed in cell types found within joints of healthy subjects and patients with OA.

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