Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and morningness-eveningness in German adolescents

Christoph Randler, Lucia Wolfgang, Katharina Matt, Eda Demirhan, Mehmet Barış Horzum, Şenol Beşoluk, Christoph Randler, Lucia Wolfgang, Katharina Matt, Eda Demirhan, Mehmet Barış Horzum, Şenol Beşoluk

Abstract

Background Mobile phones are an important part of adolescents' life. In this study, the relationships among smartphone addiction, age, gender, and chronotype of German adolescents were examined. Materials and methods Two studies focused on two different measures of smartphone addiction. The Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) was applied to 342 younger adolescents (13.39 ± 1.77; 176 boys, 165 girls, and 1 not indicated) in Study 1 and the Smartphone Addiction Scale was applied to 208 older adolescents (17.07 ± 4.28; 146 girls and 62 boys) in Study 2, both samples in southwest Germany. In addition, a demographic questionnaire and the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and sleep measures were implemented. Results The most remarkable result of this study was that morningness-eveningness (as measured by CSM scores) is an important predictor for smartphone addiction; even stronger than sleep duration. Evening oriented adolescents scored higher on both smartphone addiction scales. In addition, gender is an important predictor for smartphone addiction and girls are more prone to become addicted. In addition, while sleep duration on weekdays negatively predicted SAPS, age, sleep duration on weekends, and midpoint of sleep on weekdays and weekends did not predicted smartphone addiction in both scales. The analysis of covariance revealed statistically significant effects of the covariates gender and age in both studies, as well as the main effect of chronotype. According to the t-test results, girls had higher scores than boys in smartphone addiction. Conclusion Evening types and girls are more prone to become smartphone addicted.

Keywords: adolescents; circadian preference; morningness–eveningness; smartphone addiction proneness.

References

    1. Adan A. (2013). A chronobiological approach to addiction. Journal of Substance Use, 18(3), 171–183. doi:
    1. Adan A., Archer S. N., Hidalgo M. P., Di Milia L., Natale V., Randler C. (2012). Circadian typology: A comprehensive review. Chronobiology International, 29(9), 1153–1175. doi:
    1. Augner C., Hacker G. W. (2012). Associations between problematic mobile phone use and psychological parameters in young adults. International Journal of Public Health, 57(2), 437–441. doi:
    1. Badre G. (2008). Excessive mobile use affects sleep in teens. Baltimore, MD: Sleep.
    1. Barnes J. C., Meldrum R. C. (2015). The impact of sleep duration on adolescent development: A genetically informed analysis of identical twin pairs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 489–506. doi:
    1. Bartel K., Gradisar M., Williamson P. (2014). Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21,72–85. doi:
    1. Billieux J., Maurage P., Lopez-Fernandez O., Kuss D. J., Griffiths M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. doi:
    1. Billieux J., Van der Linden M., Rochat L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(9), 1195–1210. doi:
    1. Binning E. (2010). How texting can be a pain in the neck. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from
    1. Cajochen C., Frey S., Anders D., Späti J., Bues M., Pross A., Mager R., Wirz-Justice A., Stefani O. (2011). Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110(5), 1432–1438. doi:
    1. Carney C. E., Edinger J. D., Meyer B., Lindman L., Istre T. (2006). Daily activities and sleep quality in college students. Chronobiology International, 23(3), 623–637. doi:
    1. Crowley S. J., Tarokh L., Carskadon M. A. (2014). Sleep during adolescence In Sheldon S. H., et al. (Eds.), Principles and practice of pediatric sleep medicine (2nd ed., pp. 45–52). London/New York: Elsevier.
    1. Demirci K., Akgönül M., Akpinar A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85–92. doi:
    1. Demirci K., Orhan H., Demirdas A., Akpınar A., Sert H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226–234. doi:
    1. Di Milia L., Adan A., Natale V., Randler C. (2013). Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures. Chronobiology International, 30(10), 1261–1271. doi:
    1. Emanuel R., Bell R., Cotton C., Craig J., Drummond D., Gibson S., Harris A., Harris M., Hatcher-Vance C., Jones S., Lewis J., Longmire T., Nash B., Ryans T., Tyre E., Walters D., Williams A. (2015). The truth about smartphone addiction. College Student Journal, 49(2), 291–299.
    1. Fossum I. N., Nordnes L. T., Storemark S. S., Bjorvatn B., Pallesen S. (2014). The association between use of electronic media in bed before going to sleep and insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness, and chronotype. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 12(5), 343–357. doi:
    1. Gau S. S. F., Shang C. Y., Merikangas K. R., Chiu Y. N., Soong W. T., Cheng A. T. A. (2007). Association between morningness–eveningness and behavioral/emotional problems among adolescents. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 22,268–274. doi:
    1. Horzum M. B., Randler C., Masal E., Beşoluk Ş., Önder İ., Vollmer C. (2015). Morningness–eveningness and the environment hypothesis – A cross-cultural comparison of Turkish and German adolescents. Chronobiology International, 32,814–821. doi:
    1. Katz J. E., Aakhus M. (2002). Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    1. Kauderer S., Randler C. (2013). Differences in time use among chronotypes in adolescents. Biological Rhythm Research, 44(4), 601–608. doi:
    1. Kim D., Lee Y., Lee J., Nam J. K., Chung Y. (2014). Development of Korean smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PLoS One, 9(5), e97920. doi:
    1. Kim H. (2013). Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 9(6), 500–505. doi:
    1. Kwon M., Kim D. J., Cho H., Yang S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558. doi:
    1. Kwon M., Lee J. Y., Won W. Y., Park J. W., Min J. A., Hahn C., Gu X., Choi J. H., Kim D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One, 8(2), e56936. doi:
    1. Lee Y. K., Chang C. T., Lin Y., Cheng Z. H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31,373–383. doi:
    1. Lemola S., Perkinson-Gloor N., Brand S., Dewald-Kaufmann J. F., Grob A. (2014). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405–418. doi:
    1. Lepp A., Barkley J. E., Karpinski A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31,343–350. doi:
    1. Lin Y. H., Chang L. R., Lee Y. H., Tseng H. W., Kuo T. B., Chen S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS One, 9(6), e98312. doi:
    1. Lin Y. H., Gau S. S. F. (2013). Association between morningness–eveningness and the severity of compulsive Internet use: The moderating role of gender and parenting style. Sleep Medicine, 14(12), 1398–1404. doi:
    1. Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest. (2013). JIM 2013. Jugend, information, (multi-) media. Basisstudie zum Medienumgang 12- Bis 19-Jähriger in Deutschland [JIM Study 2013 – Youth, information, (multi-) media. Basic studies for media handling of 12- to 19-year-old Germans]. Stuttgart, Germany: Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund.
    1. Ming Z., Pietikainen S., Hanninen O. (2006). Excessive texting in pathophysiology of first carpometacarpal joint arthritis. Pathophysiology, 13(4), 269–270. doi:
    1. Mok J. Y., Choi S. W., Kim D. J., Choi J. S., Lee J., Ahn H., Choi E. J., Song W. Y. (2014). Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10,817–828. doi:
    1. Morahan-Martin J., Schumacher P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13–29. doi:
    1. Nakade M., Takeuchi H., Taniwaki N., Noji T., Harada T. (2009). An integrated effect of protein intake at breakfast and morning exposure to sunlight on the circadian typology in Japanese infants aged 2–6 years. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 28,239–245. doi:
    1. Natale V., Cicogna P. (2002). Morningness–eveningness dimension: Is it really a continuum? Personality and Individual Differences, 32(5), 809–816. doi:
    1. National Information Society Agency. (2011). Internet addiction survey 2011 (pp. 118–119). Seoul, South Korea: National Information Society Agency.
    1. Nimrod G. (2015). Early birds and night owls: Differences in media preferences, usages, and environments. International Journal of Communication, 9,21.
    1. Öztunç M. (2013). Analysis of problematic mobile phone use, feelings of shyness and loneliness in accordance with several variables. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106,456–466. doi:
    1. Park C., Park Y. R. (2014). The conceptual model on smart phone addiction among early childhood. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 4,147–150. doi:
    1. Pea R., Nass C., Meheula L., Rance M., Kumar A., Bamford H., Nass M., Simha A., Stillerman B., Yang S., Zhou M. (2012). Media use, face-to-face communication, media multitasking, and social well-being among 8- to 12-year-old girls. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 327–336. doi:
    1. Prat G., Adan A. (2011). Influence of circadian typology on drug consumption, hazardous alcohol use, and hangover symptoms. Chronobiology International, 28,248–257. doi:
    1. Prat G., Adan A. (2013). Relationships among circadian typology, psychological symptoms, and sensation seeking. Chronobiology International, 30(7), 942–949. doi:
    1. Randler C. (2008a). Differences between smokers and nonsmokers in morningness–eveningness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36,673–680. doi:
    1. Randler C. (2008b). Psychometric properties of the German version of the Composite Scale of Morningness. Biological Rhythm Research, 39,151–161. doi:
    1. Randler C., Horzum M. B., Vollmer C. (2013). Internet addiction and its relationship to chronotype and personality in a Turkish University student sample. Social Science Computer Review, 32,484–495. doi:
    1. Roenneberg T. (2004). The decline in human seasonality. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 19(3), 193–195. doi:
    1. Roenneberg T., Kuehnle T., Pramstaller P. P., Ricken J., Havel M., Guth A., Merrow M. (2004). A marker for the end of adolescence. Current Biology, 14,R1038–R1039. doi:
    1. Şar A. H., Ayas T., Horzum M. B. (2015). Developing the smart phone addiction scale and its validity and reliability study. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 2(3), 1–17.
    1. Sarwar M., Soomro T. R. (2013). Impact of smartphone’s on society. European Journal of Scientific Research, 98(2), 216–226.
    1. Schifferstein H. N. J. (2006). The perceived importance of sensory modalities in product usage: A study of self-reports. Acta Psychologica, 121,41–64. doi:
    1. Smith C. S., Reily C., Midkiff K. (1989). Evaluation of three circadian rhythm questionnaires with suggestions for an improved measure of morningness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 728–738. doi:
    1. Stockholm Smartphone. (2010). History. Retrieved from
    1. Suen L. K., Ellis Hon K. L., Tam W. W. (2008). Association between sleep behavior and sleep-related factors among university students in Hong Kong. Chronobiology International, 25(5), 760–775. doi:
    1. Takao M., Takahashi S., Kitamura M. (2009). Addictive personality and problematic mobile phone use. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 12(5), 501–507. doi:
    1. Turel O., Serenko A. (2010). Is mobile email addiction overlooked? Communications of the ACM, 53(5), 41–43. doi:
    1. Urbán R., Magyaródi T., Rigó A. (2011). Morningness–eveningness, chronotypes and health-impairing behaviors in adolescents. Chronobiology International, 28,238–247. doi:
    1. Van den Bulck J. (2003). Text messaging as a cause of sleep interruption in adolescents, evidence from a cross-sectional study. Journal of Sleep Research, 12(3), 263. doi:
    1. Van den Bulck J. (2007). Adolescent use of mobile phones for calling and for sending text messages after lights out: Results from a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up. Sleep, 30(9), 1220–1223.
    1. Vollmer C., Michel U., Randler C. (2012). Outdoor light at night (LAN) is correlated with eveningness in adolescents. Chronobiology International, 29(4), 502–508. doi:
    1. Vollmer C., Randler C., Horzum M. B., Ayas T. (2014). Computer game addiction in adolescents and its relationship to chronotype and personality. SAGE Open, 4(1), 1–9. doi:
    1. Walsh S. P., White K. M., Cox S., Young R. M. (2011). Keeping in constant touch: The predictors of young Australians’ mobile phone involvement. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 333–342. doi:.
    1. Walsh S. P., White K. M., Hyde M. K., Watson B. (2008). Dialling and driving: Factors influencing intentions to use a mobile phone while driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(6), 1893–1900. doi:
    1. Yen C. F., Tang T. C., Yen J. Y., Lin H. C., Huang C. F., Liu S. C., Ko C. H. (2009). Symptoms of problematic cellular phone use, functional impairment and its association with depression among adolescents in Southern Taiwan. Journal of Adolescence, 32(4), 863–873. doi:

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe