Facets of identity disturbance reported by patients with borderline personality disorder and personality-disordered comparison subjects over 20 years of prospective follow-up

Mohammad A Gad, Hannah E Pucker, Katherine E Hein, Christina M Temes, Frances R Frankenburg, Garrett M Fitzmaurice, Mary C Zanarini, Mohammad A Gad, Hannah E Pucker, Katherine E Hein, Christina M Temes, Frances R Frankenburg, Garrett M Fitzmaurice, Mary C Zanarini

Abstract

This study had two objectives. The first was to determine the levels of identity disturbance reported by 290 patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and 72 personality-disordered comparison subjects over 20 years of prospective follow-up. The second aim was to describe the levels of identity disturbance reported by 152 ever recovered vs. 138 never recovered borderline patients over 20 years of prospective follow-up. Participants were followed and re-assessed every two years for a total of 20 years of follow-up. Borderline patients reported levels of these states that were more than three times higher than personality-disordered comparison subjects, with both groups demonstrating significant declines in these states over time. For three of these inner states ("I feel like I am worthless," "I feel like a complete failure," and "I feel like I am evil"), recovered borderline patients had lower baseline scores and significantly different patterns of decline than non-recovered patients. For the fourth state, "I feel like I am a bad person," recovered patients had lower scores over time, but the groups declined at the same rate. These results suggest that borderline patients report experiencing inner states related to having a negative identity less often over time. Additionally, recovery status is significantly associated with decreased time experiencing these states.

Keywords: Borderline personality disorder; Identity; Inner states; Recovery.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no relevant conflicts of interest.

Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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