How I personalize fluid therapy in septic shock?

Xavier Monnet, Christopher Lai, Jean-Louis Teboul, Xavier Monnet, Christopher Lai, Jean-Louis Teboul

Abstract

During septic shock, fluid therapy is aimed at increasing cardiac output and improving tissue oxygenation, but it poses two problems: it has inconsistent and transient efficacy, and it has many well-documented deleterious effects. We suggest that there is a place for its personalization according to the patient characteristics and the clinical situation, at all stages of circulatory failure. Regarding the choice of fluid for volume expansion, isotonic saline induces hyperchloremic acidosis, but only for very large volumes administered. We suggest that balanced solutions should be reserved for patients who have already received large volumes and in whom the chloremia is rising. The initial volume expansion, intended to compensate for the constant hypovolaemia in the initial phase of septic shock, cannot be adapted to the patient's weight only, as suggested by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, but should also consider potential absolute hypovolemia induced by fluid losses. After the initial fluid infusion, preload responsiveness may rapidly disappear, and it should be assessed. The choice between tests used for this purpose depends on the presence or absence of mechanical ventilation, the monitoring in place and the risk of fluid accumulation. In non-intubated patients, the passive leg raising test and the mini-fluid challenge are suitable. In patients without cardiac output monitoring, tests like the tidal volume challenge, the passive leg raising test and the mini-fluid challenge can be used as they can be performed by measuring changes in pulse pressure variation, assessed through an arterial line. The mini-fluid challenge should not be repeated in patients who already received large volumes of fluids. The variables to assess fluid accumulation depend on the clinical condition. In acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability index assess the risk of worsening alveolar oedema better than arterial oxygenation. In case of abdominal problems, the intra-abdominal pressure should be taken into account. Finally, fluid depletion in the de-escalation phase is considered in patients with significant fluid accumulation. Fluid removal can be guided by preload responsiveness testing, since haemodynamic deterioration is likely to occur in patients with a preload dependent state.

Keywords: Cardiac output; Fluid balance; Fluid challenge; Passive leg raising; Tidal volume; Volume expansion.

Conflict of interest statement

XM is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of Pulsion Medical Systems, Getinge, he received fees for scientific lectures from Pulsion Medical Systems, Getinge and Baxter, and limited research grants from Pulsion Medical Systems, Getinge. CL received fees for lectures from Sedana Medical. J-LT is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of Pulsion Medical Systems, Getinge, he received fees for scientific lectures from Pulsion Medical Systems, Getinge, and limited research grants from Pulsion Medical Systems, Getinge.

© 2023. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Criteria to customize the fluid strategy at different steps of septic shock. ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, CO cardiac output, C(O2) oxygen content, CRT capillary refill time, CVP central venous pressure, EEXPO end-expiratory occlusion, HR heart rate, ICU intensive care unit, MAP mean arterial pressure, P/F ratio ratio of the arterial oxygen partial pressure to the inspired oxygen fraction, PAOP pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, PCO2 carbon dioxide partial pressure, PLR passive leg raising, PPV pulse pressure variation, PI perfusion index, RR: respiratory rate, RV right ventricular, SvO2 mixed, venous oxygen saturation, ScvO2 central venous oxygen saturation, SVV stroke volume variation, Vt tidal volume
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Means for reducing the cumulative fluid balance depending on the stage of resuscitation of septic shock. CVP central venous pressure, PAOP pulmonary artery occlusion pressure

References

    1. Vincent JL. Types of intravenous fluid: WHICH fluid for which patient, and do RCTs help? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(6):753–754. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.010.
    1. Malbrain M, Van Regenmortel N, Saugel B, De Tavernier B, Van Gaal PJ, Joannes-Boyau O, Teboul JL, Rice TW, Mythen M, Monnet X. Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D's and the four phases of fluid therapy. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0402-x.
    1. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(2):344–353. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A.
    1. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, Machado FR, McIntyre L, Ostermann M, Prescott HC, et al. Executive summary: surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for the management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):1974–1982. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005357.
    1. De Backer D, Cecconi M, Chew MS, Hajjar L, Monnet X, Ospina-Tascon GA, Ostermann M, Pinsky MR, Vincent JL. A plea for personalization of the hemodynamic management of septic shock. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):372. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04255-y.
    1. Vincent JL, Singer M, Einav S, Moreno R, Wendon J, Teboul JL, Bakker J, Hernandez G, Annane D, de Man AME, et al. Equilibrating SSC guidelines with individualized care. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):397. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03813-0.
    1. Perel A. Bench-to-bedside review: the initial hemodynamic resuscitation of the septic patient according to Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines–does one size fit all? Crit Care. 2008;12(5):223. doi: 10.1186/cc6979.
    1. Vincent JL, van der Poll T, Marshall JC. The end of "one size fits all" sepsis therapies: toward an individualized approach. Biomedicines. 2022;10(9):2260. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10092260.
    1. Bakker J, Kattan E, Annane D, Castro R, Cecconi M, De Backer D, Dubin A, Evans L, Gong MN, Hamzaoui O, et al. Current practice and evolving concepts in septic shock resuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(2):148–163. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06595-9.
    1. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012;308(15):1566–1572. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.13356.
    1. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1711584.
    1. Raghunathan K, Shaw A, Nathanson B, Sturmer T, Brookhart A, Stefan MS, Setoguchi S, Beadles C, Lindenauer PK. Association between the choice of IV crystalloid and in-hospital mortality among critically ill adults with sepsis*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(7):1585–1591. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000305.
    1. Brown RM, Wang L, Coston TD, Krishnan NI, Casey JD, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Siew ED, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in sepsis. A secondary analysis of the SMART clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(12):1487–1495. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0557OC.
    1. Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, French C, Cole L, Story D, Uchino S, Naka T, Investigators SS. The effects of saline or albumin resuscitation on acid-base status and serum electrolytes. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(12):2891–2897. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000242159.32764.86.
    1. O'Dell E, Tibby SM, Durward A, Murdoch IA. Hyperchloremia is the dominant cause of metabolic acidosis in the postresuscitation phase of pediatric meningococcal sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(10):2390–2394. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284588.17760.99.
    1. Vincent JL, De Backer D. Saline versus balanced solutions: Are clinical trials comparing two crystalloid solutions really needed? Crit Care. 2016;20(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1435-x.
    1. Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, Freitas FGR, Veiga VC, Figueiredo RC, Lovato WJ, Amendola CP, Assuncao MSC, Serpa-Neto A, et al. Effect of slower vs faster intravenous fluid bolus rates on mortality in critically ill patients: the basics randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(9):830–838. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.11444.
    1. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, Navarra L, Bellomo R, Billot L, Delaney A, Gallagher M, Gattas D, Li Q, et al. Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(9):815–826. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114464.
    1. Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, Henderson S, Mackle D, McArthur C, McGuinness S, Mehrtens J, Myburgh J, Psirides A, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(16):1701–1710. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12334.
    1. Liu C, Lu G, Wang D, Lei Y, Mao Z, Hu P, Hu J, Liu R, Han D, Zhou F. Balanced crystalloids versus normal saline for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(11):2072–2078. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.02.045.
    1. Messmer AS, Zingg C, Muller M, Gerber JL, Schefold JC, Pfortmueller CA. Fluid overload and mortality in adult critical care patients—a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(12):1862–1870. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004617.
    1. Jozwiak M, Silva S, Persichini R, Anguel N, Osman D, Richard C, Teboul JL, Monnet X. Extravascular lung water is an independent prognostic factor in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):472–480. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31826ab377.
    1. Meyhoff TS, Moller MH, Hjortrup PB, Cronhjort M, Perner A, Wetterslev J. Lower vs higher fluid volumes during initial management of sepsis: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Chest. 2020;157(6):1478–1496. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.11.050.
    1. Corl KA, Prodromou M, Merchant RC, Gareen I, Marks S, Banerjee D, Amass T, Abbasi A, Delcompare C, Palmisciano A, et al. The restrictive IV fluid trial in severe sepsis and septic shock (RIFTS): a randomized pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(7):951–959. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003779.
    1. Meyhoff TS, Hjortrup PB, Wetterslev J, Sivapalan P, Laake JH, Cronhjort M, Jakob SM, Cecconi M, Nalos M, Ostermann M, et al. Restriction of intravenous fluid in ICU patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(26):2459–2470. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2202707.
    1. Macdonald SPJ, Keijzers G, Taylor DM, Kinnear F, Arendts G, Fatovich DM, Bellomo R, McCutcheon D, Fraser JF, Ascencio-Lane JC, et al. Restricted fluid resuscitation in suspected sepsis associated hypotension (REFRESH): a pilot randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(12):2070–2078. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5433-0.
    1. Silversides JA, McMullan R, Emerson LM, Bradbury I, Bannard-Smith J, Szakmany T, Trinder J, Rostron AJ, Johnston P, Ferguson AJ, et al. Feasibility of conservative fluid administration and deresuscitation compared with usual care in critical illness: the Role of Active Deresuscitation After Resuscitation-2 (RADAR-2) randomised clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(2):190–200. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06596-8.
    1. Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT, Hayden D, deBoisblanc B, Connors AF, Jr, Hite RD, Harabin AL. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(24):2564–2575. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa062200.
    1. Silversides JA, Major E, Ferguson AJ, Mann EE, McAuley DF, Marshall JC, Blackwood B, Fan E. Conservative fluid management or deresuscitation for patients with sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome following the resuscitation phase of critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(2):155–170. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4573-3.
    1. Hjortrup PB, Haase N, Bundgaard H, Thomsen SL, Winding R, Pettila V, Aaen A, Lodahl D, Berthelsen RE, Christensen H, et al. Restricting volumes of resuscitation fluid in adults with septic shock after initial management: the CLASSIC randomised, parallel-group, multicentre feasibility trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(11):1695–1705. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4500-7.
    1. Shapiro NI, Douglas IS, Brower RG, Brown SM, Exline MC, Ginde AA, Gong MN, Grissom CK, Hayden D, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute Prevention Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Clinical Trials Network et al. Early restrictive or liberal fluid management for sepsis-induced hypotension. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(6):499–510. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2212663.
    1. Douglas IS, Alapat PM, Corl KA, Exline MC, Forni LG, Holder AL, Kaufman DA, Khan A, Levy MM, Martin GS, et al. Fluid response evaluation in sepsis hypotension and shock: a randomized clinical trial. Chest. 2020;158(4):1431–1445. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.04.025.
    1. Richard JC, Bayle F, Bourdin G, Leray V, Debord S, Delannoy B, Stoian AC, Wallet F, Yonis H, Guerin C. Preload dependence indices to titrate volume expansion during septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2015;19:5. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0734-3.
    1. Kuttab HI, Lykins JD, Hughes MD, Wroblewski K, Keast EP, Kukoyi O, Kopec JA, Hall S, Ward MA. Evaluation and predictors of fluid resuscitation in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(11):1582–1590. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003960.
    1. Jozwiak M, Hamzaoui O, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Fluid resuscitation during early sepsis: a need for individualization. Minerva Anestesiol. 2018;84(8):987–992. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.18.12422-9.
    1. De Backer D, Aissaoui N, Cecconi M, Chew MS, Denault A, Hajjar L, Hernandez G, Messina A, Myatra SN, Ostermann M, et al. How can assessing hemodynamics help to assess volume status? Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(10):1482–1494. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06808-9.
    1. Roger C, Zieleskiewicz L, Demattei C, Lakhal K, Piton G, Louart B, Constantin JM, Chabanne R, Faure JS, Mahjoub Y, et al. Time course of fluid responsiveness in sepsis: the fluid challenge revisiting (FCREV) study. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):179. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2448-z.
    1. Kattan E, Ospina-Tascon GA, Teboul JL, Castro R, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Bakker J, Hernandez G, Investigators A-S. Systematic assessment of fluid responsiveness during early septic shock resuscitation: secondary analysis of the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2732-y.
    1. Monnet X, Shi R, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness. What's new? Ann Intensive Care. 2022;12(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s13613-022-01022-8.
    1. De Backer D, Taccone FS, Holsten R, Ibrahimi F, Vincent JL. Influence of respiratory rate on stroke volume variation in mechanically ventilated patients. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(5):1092–1097. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819db2a1.
    1. Vignon P, Repesse X, Begot E, Leger J, Jacob C, Bouferrache K, Slama M, Prat G, Vieillard-Baron A. Comparison of echocardiographic indices used to predict fluid responsiveness in ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(8):1022–1032. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0844OC.
    1. Gavelli F, Shi R, Teboul JL, Azzolina D, Monnet X. The end-expiratory occlusion test for detecting preload responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00682-8.
    1. Gavelli F, Teboul JL, Monnet X. The end-expiratory occlusion test: Please, let me hold your breath! Crit Care. 2019;23(1):274. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2554-y.
    1. Myatra SN, Prabu NR, Divatia JV, Monnet X, Kulkarni AP, Teboul JL. The changes in pulse pressure variation or stroke volume variation after a "tidal volume challenge" reliably predict fluid responsiveness during low tidal volume ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(3):415–421. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002183.
    1. Messina A, Colombo D, Barra FL, Cammarota G, De Mattei G, Longhini F, Romagnoli S, DellaCorte F, De Backer D, Cecconi M, et al. Sigh maneuver to enhance assessment of fluid responsiveness during pressure support ventilation. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2294-4.
    1. Papazian L, Aubron C, Brochard L, Chiche JD, Combes A, Dreyfuss D, Forel JM, Guerin C, Jaber S, Mekontso-Dessap A, et al. Formal guidelines: management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):69. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0540-9.
    1. Yonis H, Bitker L, Aublanc M, Perinel Ragey S, Riad Z, Lissonde F, Louf-Durier A, Debord S, Gobert F, Tapponnier R, et al. Change in cardiac output during Trendelenburg maneuver is a reliable predictor of fluid responsiveness in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in the prone position under protective ventilation. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):295. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1881-0.
    1. Shi R, Ayed S, Moretto F, Azzolina D, De Vita N, Gavelli F, Carelli S, Pavot A, Lai C, Monnet X, et al. Tidal volume challenge to predict preload responsiveness in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome under prone position. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):219. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04087-w.
    1. Taccheri T, Gavelli F, Teboul JL, Shi R, Monnet X. Do changes in pulse pressure variation and inferior vena cava distensibility during passive leg raising and tidal volume challenge detect preload responsiveness in case of low tidal volume ventilation? Crit Care. 2021;25(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03515-7.
    1. Hamzaoui O, Shi R, Carelli S, Sztrymf B, Prat D, Jacobs F, Monnet X, Gouezel C, Teboul JL. Changes in pulse pressure variation to assess preload responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients with spontaneous breathing activity: an observational study. Br J Anaesth. 2021;127(4):532–538. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.05.034.
    1. Mallat J, Meddour M, Durville E, Lemyze M, Pepy F, Temime J, Vangrunderbeeck N, Tronchon L, Thevenin D, Tavernier B. Decrease in pulse pressure and stroke volume variations after mini-fluid challenge accurately predicts fluid responsivenessdagger. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(3):449–456. doi: 10.1093/bja/aev222.
    1. Monnet X, Bataille A, Magalhaes E, Barrois J, Le Corre M, Gosset C, Guerin L, Richard C, Teboul JL. End-tidal carbon dioxide is better than arterial pressure for predicting volume responsiveness by the passive leg raising test. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(1):93–100. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2693-y.
    1. Beurton A, Gavelli F, Teboul JL, De Vita N, Monnet X. Changes in the plethysmographic perfusion index during an end-expiratory occlusion detect a positive passive leg raising test. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(2):e151–e160. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004768.
    1. Beurton A, Teboul JL, Gavelli F, Gonzalez FA, Girotto V, Galarza L, Anguel N, Richard C, Monnet X. The effects of passive leg raising may be detected by the plethysmographic oxygen saturation signal in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2306-z.
    1. Jozwiak M, Depret F, Teboul JL, Alphonsine JE, Lai C, Richard C, Monnet X. Predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients by using combined end-expiratory and end-inspiratory occlusions with echocardiography. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(11):e1131–e1138. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002704.
    1. Jozwiak M, Mercado P, Teboul JL, Benmalek A, Gimenez J, Depret F, Richard C, Monnet X. What is the lowest change in cardiac output that transthoracic echocardiography can detect? Crit Care. 2019;23(1):116. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2413-x.
    1. Messina A, Dell'Anna A, Baggiani M, Torrini F, Maresca GM, Bennett V, Saderi L, Sotgiu G, Antonelli M, Cecconi M. Functional hemodynamic tests: a systematic review and a metanalysis on the reliability of the end-expiratory occlusion test and of the mini-fluid challenge in predicting fluid responsiveness. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):264. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2545-z.
    1. Persichini R, Lai C, Teboul JL, Adda I, Guerin L, Monnet X. Venous return and mean systemic filling pressure: physiology and clinical applications. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):150. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04024-x.
    1. Persichini R, Silva S, Teboul JL, Jozwiak M, Chemla D, Richard C, Monnet X. Effects of norepinephrine on mean systemic pressure and venous return in human septic shock*. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(12):3146–3153. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318260c6c3.
    1. Adda I, Lai C, Teboul JL, Guerin L, Gavelli F, Monnet X. Norepinephrine potentiates the efficacy of volume expansion on mean systemic pressure in septic shock. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):302. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03711-5.
    1. Kusakabe A, Sweeny A, Keijzers G, Steering Committee of the AFOSG Early vs. late vassopressor therapy in the management of patients with sepsis and hypotension, a multicenter observational study. Arch Med Res. 2021;52(8):836–842. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.07.001.
    1. Bai X, Yu W, Ji W, Lin Z, Tan S, Duan K, Dong Y, Xu L, Li N. Early versus delayed administration of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock. Crit Care. 2014;18(5):532. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0532-y.
    1. Ospina-Tascon GA, Hernandez G, Alvarez I, Calderon-Tapia LE, Manzano-Nunez R, Sanchez-Ortiz AI, Quinones E, Ruiz-Yucuma JE, Aldana JL, Teboul JL, et al. Effects of very early start of norepinephrine in patients with septic shock: a propensity score-based analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2756-3.
    1. Yeo HJ, Lee YS, Kim TH, Jang JH, Lee HB, Oh DK, Park MH, Lim CM, Cho WH, Korean Sepsis Alliance I Vasopressor initiation within 1 hour of fluid loading is associated with increased mortality in septic shock patients: analysis of national registry data. Crit Care Med. 2022;50(4):e351–e360.
    1. Ospina-Tascon GA, Teboul JL, Hernandez G, Alvarez I, Sanchez-Ortiz AI, Calderon-Tapia LE, Manzano-Nunez R, Quinones E, Madrinan-Navia HJ, Ruiz JE, et al. Diastolic shock index and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):41. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00658-8.
    1. Aya HD, Ster IC, Fletcher N, Grounds RM, Rhodes A, Cecconi M. Pharmacodynamic analysis of a fluid challenge. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(5):880–891. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001517.
    1. Monnet X, Teboul JL. My patient has received fluid. How to assess its efficacy and side effects? Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0400-z.
    1. Mercado P, Maizel J, Marc J, Beyls C, Zerbib Y, Zogheib E, Titeca-Beauport D, Joris M, Kontar L, Riviere A, et al. Doppler echocardiographic indices are specific but not sensitive to predict pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in critically ill patients under mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(1):e1–e10. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004702.
    1. Monnet X, Teboul JL. Transpulmonary thermodilution: advantages and limits. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1739-5.
    1. Gavelli F, Shi R, Teboul JL, Azzolina D, Mercado P, Jozwiak M, Chew MS, Huber W, Kirov MY, Kuzkov VV, et al. Extravascular lung water levels are associated with mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):202. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04061-6.
    1. Mojoli F, Bouhemad B, Mongodi S, Lichtenstein D. Lung ultrasound for critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(6):701–714. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201802-0236CI.
    1. Ferre A, Guillot M, Lichtenstein D, Meziere G, Richard C, Teboul JL, Monnet X. Lung ultrasound allows the diagnosis of weaning-induced pulmonary oedema. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(5):601–608. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05573-6.
    1. Seibel A, Zechner PM, Berghold A, Holter M, Brass P, Michels G, Leister N, Gemes G, Donauer R, Giebler RM, et al. B-Lines for the assessment of extravascular lung water: Just focused or semi-quantitative? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;64(7):953–960. doi: 10.1111/aas.13586.
    1. Holodinsky JK, Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Blaser AR, Starkopf J, Zygun DA, Stelfox HT, Malbrain ML, Jaeschke RC, Kirkpatrick AW. Risk factors for intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome among adult intensive care unit patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2013;17(5):R249. doi: 10.1186/cc13075.
    1. Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, De Waele J, Jaeschke R, Malbrain ML, De Keulenaer B, Duchesne J, Bjorck M, Leppaniemi A, Ejike JC, et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(7):1190–1206. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z.
    1. Malbrain M, Langer T, Annane D, Gattinoni L, Elbers P, Hahn RG, De Laet I, Minini A, Wong A, Ince C, et al. Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA) Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00679-3.
    1. De Backer D, Vincent JL. Should we measure the central venous pressure to guide fluid management? Ten answers to 10 questions. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-1959-3.
    1. Vellinga NA, Ince C, Boerma EC. Elevated central venous pressure is associated with impairment of microcirculatory blood flow in sepsis: a hypothesis generating post hoc analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2013;13:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-13-17.
    1. Legrand M, Dupuis C, Simon C, Gayat E, Mateo J, Lukaszewicz AC, Payen D. Association between systemic hemodynamics and septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R278. doi: 10.1186/cc13133.
    1. Raia L, Gabarre P, Bonny V, Urbina T, Missri L, Boelle PY, Baudel JL, Guidet B, Maury E, Joffre J, et al. Kinetics of capillary refill time after fluid challenge. Ann Intensive Care. 2022;12(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s13613-022-01049-x.
    1. Jacquet-Lagreze M, Bouhamri N, Portran P, Schweizer R, Baudin F, Lilot M, Fornier W, Fellahi JL. Capillary refill time variation induced by passive leg raising predicts capillary refill time response to volume expansion. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):281. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2560-0.
    1. Hiemstra B, Koster G, Wiersema R, Hummel YM, van der Harst P, Snieder H, Eck RJ, Kaufmann T, Scheeren TWL, Perner A, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination for estimating cardiac index in critically ill patients: the Simple Intensive Care Studies-I. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(2):190–200. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05527-y.
    1. Monnet X, Letierce A, Hamzaoui O, Chemla D, Anguel N, Osman D, Richard C, Teboul JL. Arterial pressure allows monitoring the changes in cardiac output induced by volume expansion but not by norepinephrine*. Crit Care Med. 2011;39:1394–1399. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820edcf0.
    1. Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF, Grelon F, Megarbane B, Anguel N, Mira JP, Dequin PF, Gergaud S, Weiss N, et al. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(17):1583–1593. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1312173.
    1. Messina A, Calabro L, Pugliese L, Lulja A, Sopuch A, Rosalba D, Morenghi E, Hernandez G, Monnet X, Cecconi M. Fluid challenge in critically ill patients receiving haemodynamic monitoring: a systematic review and comparison of two decades. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):186. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04056-3.
    1. Wall O, Cutuli S, Wilson A, Eastwood G, Lipka-Falck A, Tornberg D, Bellomo R, Cronhjort M. An observational study of intensivists' expectations and effects of fluid boluses in critically ill patients. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(3):e0265770. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265770.
    1. Pierrakos C, Velissaris D, Scolletta S, Heenen S, De Backer D, Vincent JL. Can changes in arterial pressure be used to detect changes in cardiac index during fluid challenge in patients with septic shock? Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(3):422–428. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2457-0.
    1. Ait-Hamou Z, Teboul JL, Anguel N, Monnet X. How to detect a positive response to a fluid bolus when cardiac output is not measured? Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0612-x.
    1. Cecconi M, Arulkumaran N, Kilic J, Ebm C, Rhodes A. Update on hemodynamic monitoring and management in septic patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2014;80(6):701–711.
    1. Mallat J, Fischer MO, Granier M, Vinsonneau C, Jonard M, Mahjoub Y, Baghdadi FA, Preau S, Poher F, Rebet O, et al. Passive leg raising-induced changes in pulse pressure variation to assess fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a multicentre prospective observational study. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(3):308–316. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.04.031.
    1. Monge Garcia MI, Gil Cano A, Gracia Romero M, Monterroso Pintado R, Perez Madueno V, Diaz Monrove JC. Non-invasive assessment of fluid responsiveness by changes in partial end-tidal CO2 pressure during a passive leg-raising maneuver. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2:9. doi: 10.1186/2110-5820-2-9.
    1. de Courson H, Michard F, Chavignier C, Verchere E, Nouette-Gaulain K, Biais M. Do changes in perfusion index reflect changes in stroke volume during preload-modifying manoeuvres? J Clin Monit Comput. 2020;34(6):1193–1198. doi: 10.1007/s10877-019-00445-2.
    1. Monnet X, Julien F, Ait-Hamou N, Lequoy M, Gosset C, Jozwiak M, Persichini R, Anguel N, Richard C, Teboul JL. Markers of anaerobic metabolism are better than central venous oxygen saturation for detecting whether hemodynamic resuscitation will reduce tissue hypoxia. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(Supp 1):S282.
    1. De Backer D, Ospina-Tascon G, Salgado D, Favory R, Creteur J, Vincent JL. Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically ill patient: current methods and future approaches. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(11):1813–1825. doi: 10.1007/s00134-010-2005-3.
    1. Jones AE. Lactate clearance for assessing response to resuscitation in severe sepsis. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(8):844–847. doi: 10.1111/acem.12179.
    1. Gavelli F, Teboul JL, Monnet X. How can CO2-derived indices guide resuscitation in critically ill patients? J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(Suppl 11):S1528–S1537. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.07.10.
    1. Mekontso-Dessap A, Castelain V, Anguel N, Bahloul M, Schauvliege F, Richard C, Teboul JL. Combination of venoarterial PCO2 difference with arteriovenous O2 content difference to detect anaerobic metabolism in patients. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(3):272–277. doi: 10.1007/s00134-002-1215-8.
    1. Dubin A, Pozo MO, Hurtado J. Central venous minus arterial carbon dioxide pressure to arterial minus central venous oxygen content ratio as an indicator of tissue oxygenation: a narrative review. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2020;32(1):115–122. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20200017.
    1. Van Regenmortel N, Verbrugghe W, Roelant E, Van den Wyngaert T, Jorens PG. Maintenance fluid therapy and fluid creep impose more significant fluid, sodium, and chloride burdens than resuscitation fluids in critically ill patients: a retrospective study in a tertiary mixed ICU population. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(4):409–417. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5147-3.
    1. Silversides JA, McAuley DF, Blackwood B, Fan E, Ferguson AJ, Marshall JC. Fluid management and deresuscitation practices: a survey of critical care physicians. J Intensive Care Soc. 2020;21(2):111–118. doi: 10.1177/1751143719846442.
    1. Malbrain M, Martin G, Ostermann M. Everything you need to know about deresuscitation. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(12):1781–1786. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06761-7.
    1. Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Martin G, Huber W, Malbrain ML. Aiming for a negative fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury and increased intra-abdominal pressure: a pilot study looking at the effects of PAL-treatment. Ann Intensive Care. 2012;2(Suppl 1):S15. doi: 10.1186/2110-5820-2-S1-S15.
    1. Monnet X, Cipriani F, Camous L, Sentenac P, Dres M, Krastinova E, Anguel N, Richard C, Teboul JL. The passive leg raising test to guide fluid removal in critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0149-1.
    1. Huang D, Ma H, Ma J, Hong L, Lian X, Wu Y, Wu Y, Wang S, Qin T, Tan N. A novel supplemental maneuver to predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: blood pump-out test performed before renal replacement therapy. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(12):786. doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.04.56.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe