The Epidemiology of Psoriatic Arthritis

Alexis Ogdie, Pamela Weiss, Alexis Ogdie, Pamela Weiss

Abstract

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by joint and entheseal inflammation with a prevalence of 0.05% to 0.25% of the population and 6% to 41% of patients with psoriasis. PsA is a highly heterogeneous inflammatory arthritis. In this review, current knowledge is discussed regarding the epidemiology of PsA, including disease manifestations, classification criteria for adult and juvenile PsA, methods for recognizing early PsA, including use of screening tools and knowledge of risk factors for PsA, and medical comorbidities associated with PsA.

Keywords: Classification criteria; Comorbidity; Epidemiology; Juvenile psoriatic arthritis; Psoriatic arthritis; Risk factors; Screening tools.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1. Variability of Disease Characteristics by…
Figure 1. Variability of Disease Characteristics by Study
The prevalence of oligoarthritis, polyarthritis, axial disease, dactylitis and nail disease in a handful of studies is shown above. These manifestations of psoriatic arthritis, the definitions of the manifestations, and the populations included vary considerably by study. For example, Gladman, Lindqvist and Love present data for patients at the first visit whereas Wilson and Reich report data at incident diagnosis. Lindqvist represents a population of patients with early disease (

References

    1. Ogdie A, Yu Y, Haynes K, et al. Risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Feb;74(2):326–332.
    1. Finzel S, Englbrecht M, Engelke K, Stach C, et al. A comparative study of periarticular bone lesions in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jan;70(1):122–127.
    1. Eder L, Gladman DD. Psoriatic arthritis: phenotypic variance and nosology. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:316.
    1. Gelfand JM, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, et al. Epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in the population of the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):573.
    1. Shbeeb M, Uramoto KM, Gibson LE, O'Fallon WM, et al. The epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, 1982–1991. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(5):1247–50.
    1. Asgari MM, Wu JJ, Gelfand JM, et al. Validity of diagnostic codes and prevalence of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in a managed care population, 1996–2009. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(8):842–9.
    1. Cakır N, Pamuk Ö , Derviş E, et al. The prevalences of some rheumatic diseases in western Turkey: Havsa study. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Apr;32(4):895–908.
    1. Hanova P, Pavelka K, Holcatova I, Pikhart H. Incidence and prevalence of psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and reactive arthritis in the first descriptivepopulation-based study in the Czech Republic. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug;39(4):310–317.
    1. Löfvendahl S, Theander E, Svensson Å , Carlsson K, et al. Validity of diagnostic codes and prevalence of physician-diagnosed psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in southern Sweden--a population-based register study. PLoS One. 2014 May;9(5):e98024.
    1. Love T, Gudbjornsson B, Gudjonsson J, Valdimarsson H. Psoriatic arthritis in Reykjavik, Iceland: prevalence, demographics, and disease course. J Rheumatol. 2007 Oct;34(10):2082–2088.
    1. Ogdie A, Langan S, Love T, et al. Prevalence and treatment patterns of psoriatic arthritis in the UK. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013 Mar;52(3):568–575.
    1. Pedersen O, Svendsen A, Ejstrup L, et al. The occurrence of psoriatic arthritis in Denmark. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Oct;67(10):1422–1426.
    1. Soriano E, Rosa J, Velozo E, et al. Incidence and prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in Buenos Aires, Argentina: a 6-year health management organization-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011 Apr;50(4):729–734.
    1. Li R, Sun J, Ren LM, et al. Epidemiology of eight common rheumatic diseases in China: a large-scale cross-sectional survey in Beijing. Rheumatology. 2012;51(4):721–9.
    1. Yang Q, Qu L, Tian H, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of psoriatic arthritis in Chinese patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Dec;25(12):1409–1414.
    1. Nossent J, Gran J. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of psoriatic arthritis in northern Norway. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38(4):251–255.
    1. Wilson F, Icen M, Crowson C, et al. Incidence and clinical predictors of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Feb;61(2):233–239.
    1. Alamanos Y, Voulgari P, Drosos A. Incidence and prevalence of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2008 Jul;35(7):1354–1358.
    1. Carneiro JN, Paula AP, Martins GA. Psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: evaluation of clinical and epidemiological features in 133 patients followed at the University Hospital of Brasilia. Anais Brasileiros de Derm. 2012;87(4):539–44.
    1. Henes JC, Ziupa E, Eisfelder M, et al. High prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in dermatological patients with psoriasis: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(2):227–34.
    1. Ibrahim G, Waxman R, Helliwell P. The prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Oct;61(10):1373–1378.
    1. Jamshidi F, Bouzari N, Seirafi H, et al. The prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in psoriatic patients in Tehran, Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2008;11(2):162–5.
    1. Love T, Gudbjornsson B, Gudjonsson J, Valdimarsson H. Psoriatic arthritis in Reykjavik, Iceland: prevalence, demographics, and disease course. J Rheumatol. 2007 Oct;34(10):2082–2088.
    1. Haroon M, Kirby B, FitzGerald O. High prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with severe psoriasis with suboptimal performance of screening questionnaires. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 May;72(5):736–740.
    1. Love T, Gudjonsson J, Valdimarsson H, Gudbjornsson B. Psoriatic arthritis and onycholysis -- results from the cross-sectional Reykjavik psoriatic arthritis study. J Rheumatol. 2012 Jul;39(7):1441–1444.
    1. Mease P, Gladman D, Papp K, et al. Prevalence of rheumatologist-diagnosed psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis in European/North American dermatology clinics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Nov;69(5):729–735.
    1. Khraishi M, Chouela E, Bejar M, et al. High prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in a cohort of patients with psoriasis seen in a dermatology practice. J Cutan Med Surg. 2012;16(2):122–7.
    1. Radtke M, Reich K, Blome C, Rustenbach S, et al. Prevalence and clinical features of psoriatic arthritis and joint complaints in 2009 patients with psoriasis: results of a German national survey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Jun;23(6):683–691.
    1. Reich K, Krüger K, Mössner R, Augustin M. Epidemiology and clinical pattern of psoriatic arthritis in Germany: a prospective interdisciplinary epidemiological study of 1511 patients with plaque-type psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2009 May;160(5):1040–1047.
    1. Eder L, Chandran V, Shen H, et al. Incidence of arthritis in a prospective cohort of psoriasis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011 Apr;63(4):619–622.
    1. Merola J, Wu S, Han J, et al. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Epub ahead. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205212.
    1. Mody E, Husni ME, Schur P, Qureshi AA. Multidisciplinary evaluation of patients with psoriasis presenting with musculoskeletal pain: a dermatology: rheumatology clinic experience. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(5):1050–1.
    1. Marchesoni A, Atzeni F, Spadaro A, et al. Identification of the clinical features distinguishing psoriatic arthritis and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2012 Apr;39(4):849–855.
    1. De Marco G, Cattaneo A, Battafarano N, et al. Not simply a matter of psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology of rheumatic diseases in psoriatic patients. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012 Nov;304(9):719–726.
    1. Tan A, Grainger A, Tanner S, et al. A high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study of distal interphalangeal joint arthropathy in psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis: are they the same? Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Apr;54(4):1328–1333.
    1. Aggarwal R, Ringold S, Khanna D, et al. Distinctions between diagnostic and classification criteria? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2015 Mar; [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1002/acr.22583.
    1. Moll JM, Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1973;3(1):55–78.
    1. Amor B, Dougados M, Mijiyawa M. Criteria of the classification of spondylarthropathies. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 1990 Feb;57(2):85–59.
    1. Dougados M, van der Linden S, Juhlin R, et al. The European Spondylarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34(10):1218–27.
    1. Bennett RM. Psoriatic arthritis. In: McCarty DJ, editor. Arthritis and allied conditions. 9 ed Lea; Philadelphia: Feb, 1979. p. 645.
    1. Fournie B, Crognier L, Arnaud C, et al. Proposed classification criteria of psoriatic arthritis: a preliminary study in 260 patients. Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1999;66(10):446–56.
    1. Vasey F, Espinoza LR. Psoriatic arthropathy. In: Calin A, editor. Spondyloarthropathies. Grune & Stratton; Orlando: 1984. pp. 151–85.
    1. Taylor W, Helliwell P. Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis: Development of New Criteria From a Large International Study [PsA - CASPAR] Arth Rheum. 2006;54:2665–2673.
    1. Congi L, Roussou E. Clinical application of the CASPAR criteria for psoriatic arthritis compared to other existing criteria. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010 May;28(3):304–310.
    1. Gunal EK, Kamali S, Gul A, et al. Clinical evaluation and comparison of different criteria for classification in Turkish patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28(10):959–64.
    1. D'Angelo S, Mennillo G, Cutro M, et al. Sensitivity of the classification of psoriatic arthritis criteria in early psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009 Feb;36(2):368–370.
    1. van den Berg R, van Gaalen F, van der Helm-van Mil A, et al. Performance of classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis in the Leiden Early Arthritis cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Aug;71(8):1366–1369.
    1. Chandran V, Schentag C, Gladman D. Sensitivity and specificity of the CASPAR criteria for psoriatic arthritis in a family medicine clinic setting. J Rheumatol. 2008 Oct;35(10):2069–2070.
    1. Chandran V, Schentag C, Gladman D. Sensitivity of the classification of psoriatic arthritis criteria in early psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec;57(8):1560–1563.
    1. Coates L, Conaghan P, Emery P, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the classification of psoriatic arthritis criteria in early psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Oct;64(10):3150–3155.
    1. Lueng YY, Tam LS, Ho KW, et al. Evaluation of the CASPAR criteria for psoriatic arthritis in the Chinese population. Rheumatology. 2010;49(1):112–5.
    1. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jan;70(1):25–31.
    1. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, et al. The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axialspondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jun;68(6):777–783.
    1. Taylor WJ, Robinson PC. Classification criteria: peripheral spondyloarthropathy and psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15(4):317.
    1. Haddad A, Chandran V. Arthritis mutilans. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15(4):321.
    1. Gladman DD, Shuckett R, Russell ML, et al. Psoriatic arthritis (PSA)—an analysis of 220 patients. Q J Med. 1987;62(238):127–41.
    1. Madland T, Apalset E, Johannessen A, et al. Prevalence, disease manifestations, and treatment of psoriatic arthritis in Western Norway [PsA Epi] J Rheumatol. 2005;32(10):1918–1922.
    1. Lindqvist U, Alenius G, Husmark T, et al. The Swedish early psoriatic arthritis register-- 2-year followup: a comparison with early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Apr;35(4):668–673.
    1. Soy M, Karaca N, Umit E, et al. Joint and nail involvement in Turkish patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2008 Dec;29(2):223–225.
    1. Queiro R, Tejón P, Coto P, et al. Clinical differences between men and women with psoriatic arthritis: relevance of the analysis of genes andpolymorphisms in the major histocompatibility complex region and of the age at onset of psoriasis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013 Epub 2013 Apr 16. doi: 10.1155/2013/482691.
    1. Zisman D, Eder L, Elias M, et al. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with psoriatic arthritis in northern Israel. Rheumatol Int. 2012 Mar;32(3):595–600.
    1. Queiro R, Alperi M, Alonso-Castro S, et al. Patients with psoriatic arthritis may show differences in their clinical and genetic profiles depending on their age at psoriasis onset. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012 Jul-Aug;30(4):476–480.
    1. Tillett W, McHugh N. Treatment algorithms for early psoriatic arthritis: do they depend on disease phenotypes? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012;14(4):334–42.
    1. Queiro-Silva R, Torre-Alonso JC, Tinture-Equren T, Lopez-Lagunas I. A polyarticular onset predicts erosive and deforming disease in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(1):68–70.
    1. Gladman D, Ziouzina O, Thavaneswaran A, Chandran V. Dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis: prevalence and response to therapy in the biologic era. J Rheumatol. 2013 Aug;40(8):1357–1359.
    1. Chandran V, Tolusso D, Cook R, Gladman D. Risk factors for axial inflammatory arthritis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010 Apr;37(4):809–815.
    1. Queiro R, Alperi M, Lopez A, et al. Clinical expression, but not disease outcome, may vary according to age at disease onset in psoriatic spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75(5):544–7.
    1. Thavaneswaran A, Chandran V, Gladman D. Do Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Fall Into Distinct Clinical Sub- Groups—a Cluster Analysis? Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(Suppl):S1106.
    1. Ritchlin C, Kavanaugh A, Gladman DD, et al. Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1387–1394.
    1. McGonagle D, Helliwell P, Veale D. Enthesitis in psoriatic disease. Dermatology. 2012;225(2):100–109.
    1. Sakkas L, Alexiou I, Simopoulou T, Vlychou M. Enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Dec;43(3):325–334.
    1. Weiss PF, Chauvin NA, Klink AJ, et al. Detection of enthesitis in children with enthesitis-related arthritis: dolorimetry compared to ultrasonography. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(1):218–27.
    1. D'Agostino MA, Said-Nahal R, Hacquard-Bouder C, et al. Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in the spondylarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(2):523–33.
    1. Weiss P, Beukelman T, Schanberg L, et al. Enthesitis-related arthritis is associated with higher pain intensity and poorer health status in comparison with other categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Registry. J Rheumatol. 2012 Dec;39(12):2341–2351.
    1. Healy P, Helliwell P. Measuring clinical enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis: assessment of existing measures and development of an instrument specific to psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 May;59(5):686–691.
    1. Kaeley G. Review of the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis and monitoring of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011 Aug;13(4):338–345.
    1. Coates L, Hodgson R, Conaghan P, Freeston J. MRI and ultrasonography for diagnosis and monitoring of psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012 Dec;26(6):805–822.
    1. Payet J, Gossec L, Paternotte S, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of dactylitis in spondylarthritis: a descriptive analysis of 275 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(2):191–6.
    1. Healy P, Groves C, Chandramohan M, Helliwell P. MRI changes in psoriatic dactylitis--extent of pathology, relationship to tenderness and correlation with clinical indices. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008 Jan;47(1):92–95.
    1. Tuttle KS, Vargas SO, Callahan MJ, et al. Enthesitis as a component of dactylitis in psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: histology of an established clinical entity. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2015;13:7.
    1. Kyriakou A, Patsatsi A, Sotiriadis D. Detailed analysis of specific nail psoriasis features and their correlations with clinical parameters: a cross-sectional study. Dermatology. 2011;223(3):222–229.
    1. Palmou N, Marzo-Ortega H, Ash Z, et al. Linear pitting and splinter haemorrhages are more commonly seen in the nails of patients with established psoriasis in comparison to psoriatic arthritis. Dermatology. 2011;223(4):370–373.
    1. Love T, Gudjonsson J, Valdimarsson H, Gudbjornsson B. Small joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis is associated with onycholysis: the Reykjavik Psoriatic Arthritis Study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug;39(4):299–302.
    1. Baran R. The burden of nail psoriasis: an introduction. Dermatology. 2010;221(Suppl 1):1–5.
    1. Jiaravuthisan M, Sasseville D, Vender R, et al. Psoriasis of the nail: anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and a review of the literature on therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jul;57(1):1–27.
    1. Ash Z, Tinazzi I, Gallego C, et al. Psoriasis patients with nail disease have a greater magnitude of underlying systemic subclinical enthesopathy than those with normal nails. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Apr;71(4):553–556.
    1. Augustin M, Reich K, Blome C, et al. Nail psoriasis in Germany: epidemiology and burden of disease. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(3):580–5.
    1. Prasad PV, Bikku B, Kaviarasan PK, Senthilnathan A. A clinical study of psoriatic arthropathy. Indian J Derm Ven. 2007;73(3):166–70.
    1. McGonagle D, Palmou Fontana N, Tan A, Benjamin M. Nailing down the genetic and immunological basis for psoriatic disease. Dermatology. 2010;221(Suppl 1):15–22.
    1. Scarpa R, Cuocolo A, Peluso R, et al. Early psoriatic arthritis: the clinical spectrum [subclinical psa imaging] J Rheumatol. 2008;35(1):137–141.
    1. Dalbeth N, Pui K, Lobo M, et al. Nail disease in psoriatic arthritis: distal phalangeal bone edema detected by magnetic resonance imaging predicts development of onycholysis and hyperkeratosis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(4):841–3.
    1. Aydin S, Castillo-Gallego C, Ash Z, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of nail in psoriatic disease shows a link between onychopathy and distal interphalangeal joint extensor tendon enthesopathy. Dermatology. 2012;225(3):231–235.
    1. Kane D, Stafford L, Bresnihan B, FitzGerald O. A prospective, clinical and radiological study of early psoriatic arthritis: an early synovitis clinic experience. [early PsA] Rheumatology. 2003;42(12):1460–1468.
    1. Ichikawa N, Taniguchi A, Kobayashi S, Yamanaka H. Performance of hands and feet radiographs in differentiation of psoriatic arthritis from rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012 Oct;15(5):462–467.
    1. Narváez J, Narváez JA, de Albert M, et al. Can magnetic resonance imaging of the hand and wrist differentiate between rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis in the early stages of the disease? Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;42(3):234–45.
    1. Tehranzadeh J, Ashikyan O, Anavim A, Shin J. Detailed analysis of contrast-enhanced MRI of hands and wrists in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(5):433–42.
    1. Fournié B, Margarit-Coll N, Champetier de Ribes TL, et al. Extrasynovial ultrasound abnormalities in the psoriatic finger. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73(5):527–31.
    1. Aydin S, Ash Z, Tinazzi I, et al. The link between enthesitis and arthritis in psoriatic arthritis: a switch to a vascular phenotype at insertions may play a role in arthritis development. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jun;72(6):992–995.
    1. Freeston J, Coates L, Nam J, et al. Is there subclinical synovitis in early psoriatic arthritis?. A clinical comparison with gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasound. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014 Mar;66(3):432–439.
    1. Weckbach S, Schewe S, Michaely HJ, et al. Whole-body MR imaging in psoriatic arthritis: additional value for therapeutic decision making. Eur J Radiol. 2011;77(1):149–55.
    1. Augustin M, Glaeske G, Radtke M, et al. Epidemiology and comorbidity of psoriasis in children. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Mar;162(3):633–636.
    1. Stoll M, Zurakowski D, Nigrovic L, et al. Patients with juvenile psoriatic arthritis comprise two distinct populations. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Nov;54(11):3564–3572.
    1. Berard R, Tomlinson G, Li X, et al. Description of active joint count trajectories in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2014 Dec;41(12):2466–2473.
    1. Guzman J, Oen K, Tucker L, et al. The outcomes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children managed with contemporary treatments: results from the ReACCh-Out cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 May; [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205372.
    1. Nigrovic P. Juvenile psoriatic arthritis: bathwater or baby? J Rheumatol. 2009 Sep;36(9):1861–1863.
    1. Stoll M, Lio P, Sundel R, Nigrovic P. Comparison of Vancouver and International League of Associations for rheumatology classification criteria for juvenile psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jan;59(1):51–58.
    1. Petty R, Southwood T, Manners P, et al. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J Rheumatol. 2004 Feb;31(2):390–392.
    1. Demirkaya E, Ozen S, Bilginer Y, et al. The distribution of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the eastern Mediterranean: results from the registry of the Turkish Paediatric Rheumatology Association. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011 Jan-Feb;29(1):111–116.
    1. Flatø B, Lien G, Smerdel-Ramoya A, Vinje O. Juvenile psoriatic arthritis: long term outcome and differentiation from other subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2009 Mar;36(3):642–650.
    1. Stoll M, Punaro M. Psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a tale of two subgroups. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011 Sep;23(5):437–443.
    1. Häfner R, Michels H. Psoriatic arthritis in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1996 Sep;8(5):467–472.
    1. Stoll M, Nigrovic P. Subpopulations within juvenile psoriatic arthritis: a review of the literature. Clin Dev Immunol. 2006 Jun-Dec;13(2–4):377–380.
    1. Calandra S, Gallo M, Consolaro A, et al. Female sex and oligoarthritis category are not risk factors for uveitis in Italian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2014 Jul;41(7):1416–1425.
    1. Gladman D. Early psoriatic arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2012 May;38(2):373–386.
    1. Gladman D, Thavaneswaran A, Chandran V, Cook R. Do patients with psoriatic arthritis who present early fare better than those presenting later in the disease? Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Dec;70(12):2152–2154.
    1. Tillett W, Jadon D, Shaddick G, et al. Smoking and delay to diagnosis are associated with poorer functional outcome in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Aug;72(8):1358–1361.
    1. Haroon M, Gallagher P, Fitzgerald O. Diagnostic delay of more than 6 months contributes to poor radiographic and functional outcome in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Epub Ahead. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204858.
    1. Kirkham B, de Vlam K, Li W, et al. Early treatment of psoriatic arthritis is associated with improved patient-reported outcomes: findings from the etanercept PRESTA trial. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(1):11–9.
    1. Theander E, Husmark T, Alenius G, et al. Early psoriatic arthritis: short symptom duration, male gender and preserved physical functioning at presentation predict favourable outcome at 5-year follow-up. Results from the Swedish Early Psoriatic Arthritis Register(SwePsA) Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Feb;73(2):407–413.
    1. Sørensen J, Hetland M, departments of rheumatology in Denmark Diagnostic delay in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: results from the Danish nationwide DANBIO registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Mar;74(3):e12.
    1. Palazzi C, Lubrano E, D'Angelo S, Olivieri I. Beyond early diagnosis: occult psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug;37(8):1556–1558.
    1. McGonagle D, Ash Z, Dickie L, et al. The early phase of psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Mar;70(Suppl 1):i71–6.
    1. Naredo E, Möller I, de Miguel E, et al. High prevalence of ultrasonographic synovitis and enthesopathy in patients with psoriasis without psoriatic arthritis: a prospective case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011 Oct;50(10):1838–1848.
    1. Emad Y, Ragab Y, Bassyouni I, et al. Enthesitis and related changes in the knees in seronegative spondyloarthropathies and skin psoriasis: magnetic resonance imaging case-control study. J Rheumatol. 2010 Aug;37(8):1709–1717.
    1. Erdem C, Tekin N, Sarikaya S, et al. MR imaging features of foot involvement in patients with psoriasis. Eur J Radiol. 2008 Sep;67(3):521–525.
    1. Gisondi P, Tinazzi I, El-Dalati G, et al. Lower limb enthesopathy in patients with psoriasis without clinical signs of arthropathy: a hospital-based case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jan;67(1):26–30.
    1. Raza N, Hameed A, Ali M. Detection of subclinical joint involvement in psoriasis with bone scintigraphy and its response to oral methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008 Jan;33(1):70–73.
    1. Offidani A, Cellini A, Valeri G, Giovagnoni A. Subclinical joint involvement in psoriasis: magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray findings. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998 Nov;78(6):463–465.
    1. Tinazzi I, McGonagle D, Domenico B, et al. Preliminary Evidence That Subclinical Enthesopathy May Predict Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients with Psoriasis [Subclinical psa] J Rheumatol. 2011;38:2691–2692.
    1. Ogdie A, Gelfand J. Identification of Risk Factors for Psoriatic Arthritis [Risk factors] Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(7):785.
    1. Hsieh J, Kadavath S, Efthimiou P. Can traumatic injury trigger psoriatic arthritis?. A review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 May;33(5):601–608.
    1. Olivieri I, Padula A, D'Angelo S, Scarpa R. Role of trauma in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(11):2085–7.
    1. Ozden MG, Tekin NS, Gürer MA, et al. Environmental risk factors in pediatric psoriasis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatr Derm. 2011;28(3):306–12.
    1. Li W, Han J, Qureshi A. Smoking and risk of incident psoriatic arthritis in US women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Jun;71(6):804–808.
    1. Huerta C, Rivero E, Rodríguez LA. Incidence and risk factors for psoriasis in the general population. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(12):1559–65.
    1. Eder L, Shanmugarajah S, Thavaneswaran A, et al. The association between smoking and the development of psoriatic arthritis among psoriasis patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Feb;71(2):219–224.
    1. Pattison E, Harrison B, Griffiths C, et al. Environmental risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: results from a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 May;67(5):627–626.
    1. Eder L, Law T, Chandran V, et al. Association between environmental factors and onset of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011 Aug;63(8):1091–1097.
    1. Tey H, Ee H, Tan A, et al. Risk factors associated with having psoriatic arthritis in patients with cutaneous psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2010 May;37(5):426–430.
    1. Ciurtin C, Roussou E. Cross-sectional study assessing family members of psoriatic arthritis patients affected by the same disease: differences between Caucasian, South Asian and Afro-Caribbean populations living in the same geographic region. Int J Rheum Dis. 2013;16(4):418–24.
    1. Li W, Han J, Qureshi A. Obesity and risk of incident psoriatic arthritis in US women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Aug;71(8):1267–1772.
    1. Love T, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, et al. Obesity and the risk of psoriatic arthritis: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 Aug;71(8):1273–1277.
    1. Soltani-Arabshahi R, Wong B, Feng B, et al. Obesity in early adulthood as a risk factor for psoriatic arthritis. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Jul;146(7):721–726.
    1. Thumboo J, Uramoto K, Shbeeb M, et al. Risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: a population based nested case control study. J Rheumatol. 2002 Apr;29(4):757–762.
    1. Wu S, Li WQ, Han J, et al. Hypercholesterolemia and risk of incident psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in US women. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(2):304–10.
    1. Taylor SL, Petrie M, O'Rourke KS, Feldman SR. Rheumatologists' recommendations on what to do in the dermatology office to evaluate and manage psoriasis patients' joint symptoms. J Dermatolog Treat. 2009;20(6):350–3.
    1. Dominguez P, Gladman DD, Helliwell P, et al. Development of screening tools to identify psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2010;12(4):295–9.
    1. Haddad A, Chandran V. How can psoriatic arthritis be diagnosed early? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012 Aug;14(4):358–363.
    1. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW. Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA: 2005.
    1. Coates L, Aslam T, Al Balushi F, et al. Comparison of three screening tools to detect psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis (CONTEST study) Br J Dermatol. 2013 Apr;168(4):802–807.
    1. Walsh J, Callis Duffin K, Krueger G, Clegg D. Limitations in screening instruments for psoriatic arthritis: a comparison of instruments in patients with psoriasis. J Rheumatol. 2013 Mar;40(3):287–93.
    1. Mease P, Gladman D, Helliwell P, et al. Comparative performance of psoriatic arthritis screening tools in patients with psoriasis in European/NorthAmerican dermatology clinics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Oct;71(4):649–55.
    1. Husni M, Meyer K, Cohen D, et al. The PASE questionnaire: pilot-testing a psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation tool. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Oct;57(4):581–587.
    1. Dominguez P, Husni M, Holt E, et al. Validity, reliability, and sensitivity-to-change properties of the psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation questionnaire. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009 Sep;301(8):573–579.
    1. Ferreyra Garrott L, Soriano E, Rosa J, et al. Validation in Spanish of a screening questionnaire for the detection of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013 Mar;52(3):510–514.
    1. Husni M, Qureshi A, Koenig A, et al. Utility of the PASE questionnaire, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) prevalence and PsA improvement with anti-TNF therapy: results from the PRISTINE trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014 Feb;25(1):90–95.
    1. Merola J, Husni M, Qureshi A. Screening instruments for psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013 Sep;40(9):1623.
    1. Gladman D, Schentag C, Tom B, et al. Development and initial validation of a screening questionnaire for psoriatic arthritis: the Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen (ToPAS) Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Apr;68(4):497–501.
    1. Ibrahim G, Buch M, Lawson C, et al. Evaluation of an existing screening tool for psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis and the development of a new instrument: the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) questionnaire. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009 May-Jun;27(3):469–474.
    1. Khraishi M, Mong J, Mugford G, Landells I. The electronic Psoriasis and Arthritis Screening Questionnaire (ePASQ): a sensitive and specific tool to diagnose psoriatic arthritis patients. J Cutan Med Surg. 2011 May-Jun;15(3):143–149.
    1. Tinazzi I, Adami S, Zanolin E, et al. The early psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaire: a simple and fast method for the identification of arthritis in patients with psoriasis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012 Nov;51(11):2058–2063.
    1. Garg N, Truong B, Ku J, et al. A novel, short, and simple screening questionnaire can suggest presence of psoriatic arthritis in psoriasis patients in a dermatology clinic. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 May; Epub ahead of print.
    1. Coates L, Walsh J, Haroon M, et al. Development and testing of new candidate psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaires combining optimal questions from existing tools. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014 Sep;66(9):1410–1416.
    1. Ogdie A, Schwartzman S, Husni M. Recognizing and managing comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015 Mar;27(2):118–126.
    1. Husted J, Thavaneswaran A, Chandran V, Gladman D. Incremental effects of comorbidity on quality of life in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013 Aug;40(8):1349–1356.
    1. Jamnitski A, Symmons D, Peters MJL, et al. Cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(2):211–6.
    1. Gross R, Schwartzman-Morris J, Krathen M, et al. American College of Rheumatology Meeting. 2011. The risk of malignancy in a large cohort of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
    1. Hellgren K, Smedby K, Backlin E, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and risk of malignant lymphoma: a cohort study based on nationwide prospectively recorded data from Sweden. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(5):1282–90.
    1. Rohekar S, Tom B, Hassa A, et al. Prevalence of malignancy in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Jan;58(1):82–87.
    1. Pedreira P, Pinheiro M, Szejnfeld V. Bone mineral density and body composition in postmenopausal women with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis ResTher. 2011 Feb;13(1):R16.
    1. Grazio S, Cvijetić S, Vlak T, et al. Osteoporosis in psoriatic arthritis: is there any? Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2011 Dec;123(23–24):743–750.
    1. Del Puente A, Esposito A, Parisi A, et al. Osteoporosis and psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2012 Jul;89:36–38.
    1. Haddad A, Thavaneswaran A, Toloza S, et al. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2013 Aug;40(8):1367–1773.
    1. Eder L, Thavaneswaran A, Pereira D, et al. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy among patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012 May;39(3):564–567.
    1. Niccoli L, Nannini C, Cassarà E, et al. Frequency of iridocyclitis in patients with early psoriatic arthritis: a prospective, follow up study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012 Aug;15(4):414–418.
    1. Ogdie A, Haynes K, Troxel A, et al. Mortality in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Compared to Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis Alone, and the General Population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):149–53.
    1. Arumugam R, McHugh N. Mortality and causes of death in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2012 Jul;89:32–5.
    1. Buckley C, Cavill C, Taylor G, et al. Mortality in psoriatic arthritis - a single-center study from the UK. J Rheumatol. 2010 Oct;37(10):2141–2144.
    1. Wong K, Gladman DD, Husted J, et al. Mortality studies in psoriatic arthritis: results from a single outpatient clinic; causes and risk of death. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(10):1868–72.
    1. Ali Y, Tom BDM, Schentag CT, et al. Improved survival in psoriatic arthritis with calendar time. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(8):2708–14.
    1. Han C, Robinson DW, Hackett MV, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:2167–2172.
    1. Gladman DD, Ang M, Su L, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1131–1135.
    1. Tam L, Tomlinson B, Chu T, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with psoriatic arthritis compared to controls--the role of inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:718–723.
    1. Dubreuil M, Hee Rho Y, Man D, et al. The Independent Impact of Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis on Diabetes Incidence: A UK Population-Based Cohort Study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53(2):346–52.
    1. Solomon D, Love T, Canning C, Schneeweiss S. Risk of diabetes among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Dec;69(12):2114–2117.
    1. Haroon M, Gallagher P, Heffernan E, FitzGerald O. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and of insulin resistance in psoriatic arthritis is associated with the severity of underlying disease. J Rheumatol. 2014 Jul;41(7):1357–1365.
    1. Labitigan M, Bahče-Altuntas A, Kremer J, et al. Higher rates and clustering of abnormal lipids, obesity and diabetes mellitus in psoriatic arthritis compared with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014 Apr;66(4):600–607.
    1. Pehlevan S, Yetkin D, Bahadır C, et al. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014 Feb;12(1):43–48.
    1. Li W, Han J, Manson J, et al. Psoriasis and risk of nonfatal cardiovascular disease in U.S. women: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(4):811–818.
    1. Ahlehoff O, Gislason G, Charlot M, et al. Psoriasis is associated with clinically significant cardiovascular risk: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J Intern Med. 2011;270(2):147–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02310.
    1. Chin Y, Yu H, Li W, et al. Arthritis as an important determinant for psoriatic patients to develop severe vascular events in Taiwan: a nation-wide study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(10):1262–68.
    1. Bandinelli F, Prignano F, Bonciani D, et al. Clinical and demographic factors influence on anxiety and depression in early psoriatic arthritis (ePsA) Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013 Mar-Apr;31(2):318–319.
    1. Makredes M, Robinson DJ, Bala M, Kimball A. The burden of autoimmune disease: a comparison of prevalence ratios in patients with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Sep;61(3):405–410.
    1. Li W, Han J, Chan A, Qureshi A. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and increased risk of incident Crohn's disease in US women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jul;72(7):1200–1205.
    1. Lima F, Abalem M, Ruiz D, et al. Prevalence of eye disease in Brazilian patients with psoriatic arthritis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012;67(3):249–253.
    1. Antonelli A, Delle Sedie A, Fallahi P, et al. High prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006 Oct;33(10):2026–2028.

Source: PubMed

3
Subscribe