Alterations in glutathione, nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine levels following exercise and/or hyperbaric oxygen treatment in mice with diet-induced diabetes

Luis Rogelio Gutiérrez-Camacho, Alexandre Kormanovski, María Del Carmen Castillo-Hernández, Gustavo Guevara-Balcázar, Eleazar Lara-Padilla, Luis Rogelio Gutiérrez-Camacho, Alexandre Kormanovski, María Del Carmen Castillo-Hernández, Gustavo Guevara-Balcázar, Eleazar Lara-Padilla

Abstract

Oxidative stress is involved in the development of diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to oxidative stress, affects the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) in tissues and also regulates important physiological processes. The levels of nitrosative stress, assessed by measuring the levels of 3-nitrotirosina (3NT) as well as the bioavailability of NO are modulated by exercise and hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exercise and HBO on the levels of NO, 3NT and GSH in tissues of various organs obtained from diabetic mice. Female mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet to induce diabetes. Mice with diabetes were subjected to exercise and/or HBO. Initial and final concentrations of NO, 3NT and GSH were assessed in the muscle, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, brain, visceral adipose, thoracic aorta and small intestine. Diabetes did not affect initial values of NO, although it significantly increased the levels of 3NT. The basal level of GSH in the diabetic group was lower than or comparable to that of the control group in the majority of the organs assessed. A negative correlation was observed between 3NT and GSH levels in the initial values of all tissues of the control group only, whereas all pathological tissues showed a positive correlation between NO and GSH. There was an increase or a stabilization of GSH levels in the majority of the organs in all treated mice despite the increase in nitrosative stress.

Keywords: diabetes; exercise; glutathione; hyperbaric oxygenation; mice; nitric oxide.

Copyright: © Gutiérrez-Camacho et al.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Weight and body composition of the animals in the control and experimental groups. (A) Initial body weight and (B) body composition. (C) Final body weight and (D) body composition. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. C or DF. C, initial values in the control group; D, initial values in the diabetic group; CF, final values in the control group; DF, final values in the diabetic group; DE, values in the diabetic mice treated with exercise; DH, values in diabetic mice treated with hyperbaric oxygenation; DEH diabetic mice treated with both exercise and hyperbaric oxygenation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Glucose tolerance curves of mice in the C and D groups at the end of phase 1. **P<0.01. C, control; D, diabetic.

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