The utilization of small non-mammals in traumatic brain injury research: A systematic review

Nurul Atiqah Zulazmi, Alina Arulsamy, Idrish Ali, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin, Iekhsan Othman, Mohd Farooq Shaikh, Nurul Atiqah Zulazmi, Alina Arulsamy, Idrish Ali, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin, Iekhsan Othman, Mohd Farooq Shaikh

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and has complicated underlying pathophysiology. Numerous TBI animal models have been developed over the past decade to effectively mimic the human TBI pathophysiology. These models are of mostly mammalian origin including rodents and non-human primates. However, the mammalian models demanded higher costs and have lower throughput often limiting the progress in TBI research. Thus, this systematic review aims to discuss the potential benefits of non-mammalian TBI models in terms of their face validity in resembling human TBI. Three databases were searched as follows: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, for original articles relating to non-mammalian TBI models, published between January 2010 and December 2019. A total of 29 articles were selected based on PRISMA model for critical appraisal. Zebrafish, both larvae and adult, was found to be the most utilized non-mammalian TBI model in the current literature, followed by the fruit fly and roundworm. In conclusion, non-mammalian TBI models have advantages over mammalian models especially for rapid, cost-effective, and reproducible screening of effective treatment strategies and provide an opportunity to expedite the advancement of TBI research.

Keywords: animal model; differential method; non-mammals; traumatic brain injury.

Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

© 2021 The Authors. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flow chart of study selection based on the PRISMA guidelines
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Injury models utilized by the roundworm TBI model. (A) Therapeutic shock wave applied through handpiece Swiss Dolor Clast device directly into wells containing roundworms, and (B) High‐frequency acoustic wave delivered through SAW device vertically into a liquid medium filled chamber containing roundworms
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Injury models utilized by fruit fly TBI model. (A) High‐impact trauma (HIT) achieved by releasing spring attached with a vial of flies to rapidly contact the polyurethane pad, (B) Fruit flies in the mesh fixture were exposed to free‐field blast released from the compression chamber, (C) Restrained fruit flies with only the head portion exposed were impacted with solenoid recoiled brass block to achieve closed head injury, and (D) Omni Bead Ruptor‐24 Homogenizer Device with pre‐programmed shaking conditions used to deliver TBI in fruit flies contained in vials
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Injury models utilized by the zebrafish TBI model. (A) Acoustic shock wave generated and bombarded onto zebrafish head, directed by B‐focal imaging system, (B) Mechanical lesion applied by surgically making a hole in the skull and using the fine tweezers to cut the specified brain region, (C) Injection of quinolinic acid into desired brain region under a dissecting stereomicroscope, (D) Telencephalon injury induced by inserting needle into the telencephalon region via nose, E) Pulsed high‐intensity focused ultrasound (pHIFU) generated and focally targeted toward zebrafish head through an ultrasonic membrane, (F) A steel ball‐bearing (weight) is dropped from a specified height through a plastic tube and unto the cranium of the zebrafish, (G) Larvae was incubated in a petri dish filled with atorvastatin (ATV) and embryo medium mixture, (H) Glutamate acid was titrated into wells of a 96‐well plate containing zebrafish larvae (each in one well), and (I) Stab lesion was inflicted in zebrafish larvae placed on agarose medium, via a needle angled at 45o toward the desired brain region

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