The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Claire H Pernar, Ericka M Ebot, Kathryn M Wilson, Lorelei A Mucci, Claire H Pernar, Ericka M Ebot, Kathryn M Wilson, Lorelei A Mucci

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease and mortality among men, and each year 1.6 million men are diagnosed with and 366,000 men die of prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the state of evidence for specific genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors associated with prostate cancer risk. Given the biological heterogeneity of this cancer, we focus on risk factors for advanced or fatal prostate cancer. First, we provide descriptive epidemiology statistics and patterns for prostate cancer incidence and mortality around the world. This includes discussion of the impact of prostate-specific antigen screening on prostate cancer epidemiology. Next, we summarize evidence for selected risk factors for which there is strong or probable evidence of an association: genetics, obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, lycopene and tomatoes, fish, vitamin D and calcium, and statins. Finally, we highlight future directions for prostate cancer epidemiology research.

Copyright © 2018 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; all rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates worldwide. Rates are age-adjusted for comparisons across countries and are presented per 100,000 in the population. Gray, no data available. (Figure based on data from Globocan 2012 [globocan.iarc.fr].)
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Trends over time in age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates (per 100,000). *, Regional data. (Figure based on data from Globocan 2012 [globocan.iarc.fr].)
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Age-adjusted prostate cancer mortality rates worldwide. Rates are age-adjusted for comparisons across countries and are presented per 100,000 in the population. Gray, no data available. (Figure based on data from Globocan 2012 [globocan.iarc.fr].)
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) by race/ethnicity in the United States, 2010–2014. Rates are age-adjusted. (Figure based on SEER Registry data [seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2014/].)

Source: PubMed

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