Ambient and household air pollution: complex triggers of disease

Abstract

Concentrations of outdoor air pollution are on the rise, particularly due to rapid urbanization worldwide. Alternatively, poor ventilation, cigarette smoke, and other toxic chemicals contribute to rising concentrations of indoor air pollution. The World Health Organization recently reported that deaths attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollutant exposure are more than double what was originally documented. Epidemiological, clinical, and animal data have demonstrated a clear connection between rising concentrations of air pollution (both indoor and outdoor) and a host of adverse health effects. During the past five years, animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies have explored the adverse health effects associated with exposure to both indoor and outdoor air pollutants throughout the various stages of life. This review provides a summary of the detrimental effects of air pollution through examination of current animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies and exposure during three different periods: maternal (in utero), early life, and adulthood. Additionally, we recommend future lines of research while suggesting conceivable strategies to curb exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollutants.

Figures

Fig. 1.

Air pollution can be broadly separated into two distinct categories: indoor and outdoor. Classification of air pollution depends on the source; the fact that outdoor air pollution can influence indoor air quality should also not be overlooked. A number of adverse health effects have been associated with exposure to air pollution throughout life. Adverse health effects caused by fetal exposure to air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, can significantly affect the health of the individual throughout life. While the sources of air pollution vary, the health complications associated with exposure to increased levels of these pollutants seem to be universal. LBW, low birth weight; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction.