24-Month Outcomes of Primary Care Web-Based Depression Prevention Intervention in Adolescents: Randomized Clinical Trial

Benjamin Van Voorhees, Tracy R G Gladstone, Kunmi Sobowale, C Hendricks Brown, David A Aaby, Daniela A Terrizzi, Jason Canel, Eumene Ching, Anita D Berry, James Cantorna, Milton Eder, William Beardslee, Marian Fitzgibbon, Monika Marko-Holguin, Linda Schiffer, Miae Lee, Sarah A de Forest, Emily E Sykes, Jennifer H Suor, Theodore J Crawford, Katie L Burkhouse, Brady C Goodwin, Carl Bell, Benjamin Van Voorhees, Tracy R G Gladstone, Kunmi Sobowale, C Hendricks Brown, David A Aaby, Daniela A Terrizzi, Jason Canel, Eumene Ching, Anita D Berry, James Cantorna, Milton Eder, William Beardslee, Marian Fitzgibbon, Monika Marko-Holguin, Linda Schiffer, Miae Lee, Sarah A de Forest, Emily E Sykes, Jennifer H Suor, Theodore J Crawford, Katie L Burkhouse, Brady C Goodwin, Carl Bell

Abstract

Background: Adolescent depression carries a high burden of disease worldwide, but access to care for this population is limited. Prevention is one solution to curtail the negative consequences of adolescent depression. Internet interventions to prevent adolescent depression can overcome barriers to access, but few studies examine long-term outcomes.

Objective: This study compares CATCH-IT (Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training), an internet-based intervention, to a general health education active control for depression onset at 12 and 24 months in adolescents presenting to primary care settings.

Methods: A 2-site randomized trial, blinded to the principal investigators and assessors, was conducted comparing Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training to health education to prevent depressive episodes in 369 adolescents (193 youths were randomly assigned to Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training and 176 to health education) with subthreshold depressive symptoms or prior depressive episodes. Participants were recruited from primary care settings in the United States. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a depressive episode, determined by the Depression Symptom Rating. The secondary outcome was functioning, measured by the Global Assessment Scale.

Results: In intention-to-treat analyses, the adjusted hazard ratio favoring Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training for first depressive episode was not statistically significant at 12 months (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.42-1.40, P=.39) and 24 months (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.52-1.47, P=.61). Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training provided preventive benefit for first depressive episode for those with mild hopelessness or at least moderate paternal monitoring at baseline. Global Assessment Scale scores improved comparably in both groups (intention-to-treat).

Conclusions: A technology-based intervention for adolescent depression prevention implemented in primary care did not have additional benefit at 12 or 24 months. Further research is necessary to determine whether internet interventions have long-term benefit.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01893749; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT01893749.

Keywords: adolescent; depression; eHealth; prevention; scalable.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Benjamin Van Voorhees, Tracy R G Gladstone, Kunmi Sobowale, C Hendricks Brown, David A Aaby, Daniela A Terrizzi, Jason Canel, Eumene Ching, Anita D Berry, James Cantorna, Milton Eder, William Beardslee, Marian Fitzgibbon, Monika Marko-Holguin, Linda Schiffer, Miae Lee, Sarah A de Forest, Emily E Sykes, Jennifer H Suor, Theodore J Crawford, Katie L Burkhouse, Brady C Goodwin, Carl Bell. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 28.10.2020.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
CONSORT Diagram. CATCH-IT: Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training; GAS: Global Assessment Scale; K-SADS: Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; MI: motivational interview.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Adolescent CES-D Scale score at baseline and time to Depression Symptom Rating>3–event at 12 months, excluding those who enrolled with no depressed mood.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Adolescent Beck Hopelessness Scale score at at baseline and time to Depression Symptom Rating>3–event at 24 months.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Adolescent Child Report of Parental Behaviour Inventory (Father Monitoring Subscale) score at baseline and time to Depression Symptom Rating>3–event at 24 months.

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