Hypnosis, Meditation, and Self-Induced Cognitive Trance to Improve Post-treatment Oncological Patients' Quality of Life: Study Protocol

Charlotte Grégoire, Nolwenn Marie, Corine Sombrun, Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, Ilios Kotsou, Valérie van Nitsen, Sybille de Ribaucourt, Guy Jerusalem, Steven Laureys, Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse, Olivia Gosseries, Charlotte Grégoire, Nolwenn Marie, Corine Sombrun, Marie-Elisabeth Faymonville, Ilios Kotsou, Valérie van Nitsen, Sybille de Ribaucourt, Guy Jerusalem, Steven Laureys, Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse, Olivia Gosseries

Abstract

Introduction: A symptom cluster is very common among oncological patients: cancer-related fatigue (CRF), emotional distress, sleep difficulties, pain, and cognitive difficulties. Clinical applications of interventions based on non-ordinary states of consciousness, mostly hypnosis and meditation, are starting to be investigated in oncology settings. They revealed encouraging results in terms of improvements of these symptoms. However, these studies often focused on breast cancer patients, with methodological limitations (e.g., small sample size, no control group, and no follow-up). Another non-ordinary state of consciousness may also have therapeutic applications in oncology: self-induced cognitive trance (SICT). It seems to differ from hypnosis and meditation, as it involves the body more directly. Thus, investigating its clinical applications, along with hypnosis and meditation interventions, could improve available therapeutic options in oncology. This article details the study protocol of a preference-based longitudinal controlled superiority trial aiming to assess the effectiveness of 3 group interventions (hypnosis, meditation, and SICT) to improve oncological patients' quality of life, and more specifically CRF, emotional distress, sleep, pain, and cognitive difficulties (primary outcomes).

Methods and analysis: A power analysis required a total sample of 160 patients. Main inclusion criteria are: cancer diagnosis, active treatments completed for less than a year, no practice of hypnosis, meditation, or SICT, and presence of at least one of these four symptoms: fatigue, sleep difficulties, depression, or anxiety. Each participant will choose the intervention in which they want to participate (hypnosis, mindful self-compassion meditation, SICT, or no intervention-control group). To test the effectiveness of the interventions, data will be collected by questionnaires and neurobiological measures and directly from the medical record at four time points: before inclusion in the study (baseline); immediately after the intervention; and at 3- and 12-month follow-up. The longitudinal data in each group will then be measured.

Discussion: In addition to standard cancer therapies, there is a growing interest from patients in complementary approaches, such as hypnosis, meditation, and SICT. The results of this study will be useful to increase knowledge about short- and long-term effectiveness of 3 group interventions for CRF, emotional distress, sleep, pain, and cognitive difficulties in patients with different cancers.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov/ (NCT04873661). Retrospectively registered on the 29th of April 2021. url: https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT04873661.

Keywords: group intervention; hypnosis; meditation; neurophenomenology; neurophysiology; oncology; self-induced cognitive trance.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2022 Grégoire, Marie, Sombrun, Faymonville, Kotsou, van Nitsen, de Ribaucourt, Jerusalem, Laureys, Vanhaudenhuyse and Gosseries.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study design. SICT, self-induced cognitive trance; MSC, mindful self-compassion; hrs, hours.

References

    1. Achimas-Cadariu P., Iancu M., Pop F., Vlad C., Irimie A. (2015). Psychological screening and health related quality of life in Romanian breast cancer survivors. J. Evid.-Based Psychother. 15, 267–284.
    1. Arring N. M., Barton D. L., Brooks T., Zick S. M. (2019). Integrative therapies for cancer-related fatigue. Cancer J. 25, 349–356. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000396, PMID:
    1. Batty G. D., Russ T. C., Stamatakis E., Kivimäki M. (2017). Psychological distress in relation to site specific cancer mortality: pooling of unpublished data from 16 prospective cohort studies. BMJ 356:j108. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j108, PMID:
    1. Bicego A., Monseur J., Rousseaux F., Faymonville M.-E., Malaise N., Salamun I., et al. . (2021a). Drop-out from chronic pain treatment programmes: is randomization justified in biopsychosocial approaches? J. Rehabil. Med. 53:jrm00185. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2824, PMID:
    1. Bicego A., Rémy H., Diep A. N., Donneau A.-F., Faymonville M.-E., Nyssen A.-S., et al. . (2021b). Psychological interventions influence patients attitudes and beliefs about their chronic pain a 6 month follow up. Chronic Pain & Management. Available at: (Accessed April 29, 2021).
    1. Bicego A. Y., Rousseaux F., Faymonville M.-E., Nyssen A.-S., Vanhaudenhuyse A. (2021c). Neurophysiology of hypnosis in chronic pain: a review of recent literature. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. 64, 62–80. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1869517, PMID:
    1. Brandmeyer T., Delorme A., Wahbeh H. (2019). The neuroscience of meditation: classification, phenomenology, correlates, and mechanisms. Prog. Brain Res. 244, 1–29. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.020, PMID:
    1. Carlson L. E., Zelinski E., Toivonen K., Flynn M., Qureshi M., Piedalue K.-A., et al. . (2017). Mind-body therapies in cancer: what is the latest evidence? Curr. Oncol. Rep. 19, 67. doi: 10.1007/s11912-017-0626-1, PMID:
    1. Carrière M., Cassol H., Aubinet C., Panda R., Thibaut A., Larroque S. K., et al. . (2020). Auditory localization should be considered as a sign of minimally conscious state based on multimodal findings. Brain Commun. 2:fcaa195. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa195, PMID:
    1. Charland-Verville V., Faymonville M.-E., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Raaf M., Grégoire C., Bragard I. (2017). Apprentissage de l’autohypnose/autobienveillance en oncologie. Pour qui? Comment? Dans quel intérêt? Une revue de la littérature internationale. Psycho-Oncologie 11, 51–55. doi: 10.1007/s11839-017-0614-6
    1. Chennu S., Annen J., Wannez S., Thibaut A., Chatelle C., Cassol H., et al. . (2017). Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness. Brain 140, 2120–2132. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx163, PMID:
    1. Courtois R., Petot J.-M., Plaisant O., Allibe B., Lignier B., Réveillère C., et al. . (2020). Validation française du Big Five Inventory à 10 items (BFI-10). L'Encéphale 46, 455–462. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.02.006, PMID:
    1. Cramer H., Lauche R., Paul A., Langhorst J., Kümmel S., Dobos G. J. (2015). Hypnosis in breast cancer care: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Integr. Cancer Ther. 14, 5–15. doi: 10.1177/1534735414550035, PMID:
    1. Csikszentmihalyi M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New-York, NY, USA: Harper & Row.
    1. De Benedittis G. (2015). Neural mechanisms of hypnosis and meditation. J. Physiol. Paris 109, 152–164. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.11.001, PMID:
    1. De Benedittis G. D. (2021). Neural mechanisms of hypnosis and meditation-induced analgesia: a narrative review. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn. 69, 363–382. doi: 10.1080/00207144.2021.1917294, PMID:
    1. de Vries M., Stiefel F. (2014). “Psycho-oncological interventions and psychotherapy in the oncology setting,” in Psycho-Oncology. ed. Goerling U. (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; ), 121–135.
    1. Demertzi A., Soddu A., Faymonville M.-E., Bahri M. A., Gosseries O., Vanhaudenhuyse A., et al. . (2011). Hypnotic modulation of resting state fMRI default mode and extrinsic network connectivity. Prog. Brain Res. 193, 309–322. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53839-0.00020-X, PMID:
    1. Demertzi A., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Noirhomme Q., Faymonville M.-E., Laureys S. (2015). Hypnosis modulates behavioural measures and subjective ratings about external and internal awareness. J. Physiol. Paris 109, 173–179. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.11.002, PMID:
    1. Die Trill M. (2013). Anxiety and sleep disorders in cancer patients. EJC Suppl. 11, 216–224. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2013.07.009, PMID:
    1. Dodd M. J., Cho M. H., Cooper B. A., Miaskowski C. (2010). The effect of symptom clusters on functional status and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs. 14, 101–110. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2009.09.005, PMID:
    1. Eliott J. A., Kealey C. P., Olver I. N. (2008). (Using) complementary and alternative medicine: the perceptions of palliative patients with cancer. J. Palliat. Med. 11, 58–67. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2007.0102, PMID:
    1. Elkins G. R., Barabasz A. F., Council J. R., Spiegel D. (2015). Advancing research and practice: the revised APA division 30 definition of hypnosis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn. 63, 1–9. doi: 10.1080/00207144.2014.961870, PMID:
    1. Engemann D. A., Raimondo F., King J.-R., Rohaut B., Louppe G., Faugeras F., et al. . (2018). Robust EEG-based cross-site and cross-protocol classification of states of consciousness. Brain 141, 3179–3192. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy251, PMID:
    1. Flor-Henry P., Shapiro Y., Sombrun C. (2017). Brain changes during a shamanic trance: altered modes of consciousness, hemispheric laterality, and systemic psychobiology. Cogent Psychol. 4:1313522. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1313522
    1. Garnefski N., Kraaij V., Spinhoven P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Personal. Individ. Differ. 30, 1311–1327. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6, PMID:
    1. Germer C. K., Neff K. D. (2013). Self-compassion in clinical practice: self-compassion. J. Clin. Psychol. 69, 856–867. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22021, PMID:
    1. Germer C., Neff K. (2019). “Mindful self-compassion (MSC),” in Handbook of Mindfulness-Based Programmes. ed. Ivtzan I. (Routledge; ), 357–367.
    1. Gonzalez B. D., Eisel S. L., Qin B., Llanos A. A. M., Savard J., Hoogland A. I., et al. . (2021). Prevalence, risk factors, and trajectories of sleep disturbance in a cohort of African-American breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 29, 2761–2770. doi: 10.1007/s00520-020-05786-2, PMID:
    1. Gosseries O., Fecchio M., Wolff A., Sanz L. R. D., Sombrun C., Vanhaudenhuyse A., et al. . (2020). Behavioural and brain responses in cognitive trance: a TMS-EEG case study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 131, 586–588. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.011, PMID:
    1. Götze H., Friedrich M., Taubenheim S., Dietz A., Lordick F., Mehnert A. (2020). Depression and anxiety in long-term survivors 5 and 10 years after cancer diagnosis. Support Care Cancer 28, 211–220. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-04805-1, PMID:
    1. Grégoire C., Bragard I., Jerusalem G., Etienne A.-M., Coucke P., Dupuis G., et al. . (2017). Group interventions to reduce emotional distress and fatigue in breast cancer patients: a 9-month follow-up pragmatic trial. Br. J. Cancer 117, 1442–1449. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.326, PMID:
    1. Grégoire C., Faymonville M.-E., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Charland-Verville V., Jerusalem G., Bragard I. (2018a). Randomized controlled trial of an 8-week intervention combining self-care and hypnosis for post-treatment cancer patients: study protocol. BMC Cancer 18:1113. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-5046-6, PMID:
    1. Grégoire C., Faymonville M.-E., Vanhaudenhuyse A., Charland-Verville V., Jerusalem G., Willems S., et al. . (2020a). Effects of an intervention combining self-care and self-hypnosis on fatigue and associated symptoms in post-treatment cancer patients: a randomized-controlled trial. Psycho-Oncology 29, 1165–1173. doi: 10.1002/pon.5395, PMID:
    1. Grégoire S., Gagnon J., Lachance L., Shankland R., Dionne F., Kotsou I., et al. . (2020b). Validation of the English and French versions of the multidimensional psychological flexibility inventory short form (MPFI-24). J. Contextual Behav. Sci. 18, 99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.06.004
    1. Grégoire C., Nicolas H., Bragard I., Delevallez F., Merckaert I., Razavi D., et al. . (2018b). Efficacy of a hypnosis-based intervention to improve well-being during cancer: a comparison between prostate and breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 18:677. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4607-z, PMID:
    1. Grégoire C., Sombrun C., Gosseries O., Vanhaudenhuyse A. (2021). La transe cognitive auto-induite: caractéristiques et applications thérapeutiques potentielles. HEGEL: Penser par Soi-Même.
    1. Hariton E., Locascio J. J. (2018). Randomised controlled trials—the gold standard for effectiveness research. BJOG 125:1716. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15199, PMID:
    1. Heck M., Wagener A., Simon J. (2021). The sense of presence: Validation of a new presence questionnaire. Available at: (Accessed June 8, 2021).
    1. Hoang H. T. X., Molassiotis A., Chan C. W., Nguyen T. H., Liep Nguyen V. (2020). New-onset insomnia among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: prevalence, risk factors, and its correlation with other symptoms. Sleep Breath. 24, 241–251. doi: 10.1007/s11325-019-01839-x, PMID:
    1. Horneber M., Bueschel G., Dennert G., Less D., Ritter E., Zwahlen M. (2012). How many cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Integr. Cancer Ther. 11, 187–203. doi: 10.1177/1534735411423920, PMID:
    1. Hove M. J., Stelzer J., Nierhaus T., Thiel S. D., Gundlach C., Margulies D. S., et al. . (2016). Brain network reconfiguration and perceptual decoupling during an absorptive state of consciousness. Cereb. Cortex 26, 3116–3124. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv137, PMID:
    1. Huels E. R., Kim H., Lee U., Bel-Bahar T., Colmenero A. V., Nelson A., et al. . (2021). Neural correlates of the shamanic state of consciousness. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 15:610466. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.610466, PMID:
    1. Jensen M. P., Adachi T., Tomé-Pires C., Lee J., Osman Z. J., Miró J. (2015). Mechanisms of hypnosis: toward the development of a biopsychosocial model. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn. 63, 34–75. doi: 10.1080/00207144.2014.961875, PMID:
    1. John G. M., Hershman D. L., Falci L., Shi Z., Tsai W.-Y., Greenlee H. (2016). Complementary and alternative medicine use among US cancer survivors. J. Cancer Surviv. 10, 850–864. doi: 10.1007/s11764-016-0530-y, PMID:
    1. Johnson M. K., Foley M. A., Suengas A. G., Raye C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 117, 371–376. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.117.4.371, PMID:
    1. Joly F., Lange M., Rigal O., Correia H., Giffard B., Beaumont J. L., et al. . (2012). French version of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-cognitive function (FACT-cog) version 3. Support Care Cancer 20, 3297–3305. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1439-2, PMID:
    1. Joly F., Rigal O., Noal S., Giffard B. (2011). Cognitive dysfunction and cancer: which consequences in terms of disease management? Psychooncology 20, 1251–1258. doi: 10.1002/pon.1903, PMID:
    1. Jones J. M., Olson K., Catton P., Catton C. N., Fleshner N. E., Krzyzanowska M. K., et al. . (2016). Cancer-related fatigue and associated disability in post-treatment cancer survivors. J. Cancer Surviv. 10, 51–61. doi: 10.1007/s11764-015-0450-2, PMID:
    1. Kawai N., Honda M., Nishina E., Yagi R., Oohashi T. (2017). Electroencephalogram characteristics during possession trances in healthy individuals. Neuroreport 28, 949–955. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000857, PMID:
    1. Kılıç A., Hudson J., McCracken L. M., Ruparelia R., Fawson S., Hughes L. D. (2021). A systematic review of the effectiveness of self-compassion-related interventions for individuals with chronic physical health conditions. Behav. Ther. 52, 607–625. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2020.08.001, PMID:
    1. Kim Y. H., Kim H. J., Ahn S. D., Seo Y. J., Kim S. H. (2013). Effects of meditation on anxiety, depression, fatigue, and quality of life of women undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer. Complement. Ther. Med. 21, 379–387. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.06.005, PMID:
    1. King M., Nazareth I., Lampe F., Bower P., Chandler M., Morou M., et al. . (2005). Impact of participant and physician intervention preferences on randomized trials: a systematic review. JAMA 293, 1089–1099. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.9.1089, PMID:
    1. Koh W.-J., Abu-Rustum N. R., Bean S., Bradley K., Campos S. M., Cho K. R., et al. . (2019). Cervical cancer, version 3.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 17, 64–84. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.0001, PMID:
    1. Kotsou I., Heeren A. (2011). Pleine conscience et acceptation: Les thérapies de la troisième vague. Available at: (Accessed June 3, 2021).
    1. Kotsou I., Leys C. (2016). Self-compassion scale (SCS): psychometric properties of the French translation and its relations with psychological well-being, affect and depression. PLoS One 11:e0152880. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152880, PMID:
    1. Kowalski C. J., Mrdjenovich A. J. (2013). Patient preference clinical trials: why and when they will sometimes be preferred. Perspect. Biol. Med. 56, 18–35. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2013.0004, PMID:
    1. Kwak A., Jacobs J., Haggett D., Jimenez R., Peppercorn J. (2020). Evaluation and management of insomnia in women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 181, 269–277. doi: 10.1007/s10549-020-05635-0, PMID:
    1. Landry M., Lifshitz M., Raz A. (2017). Brain correlates of hypnosis: a systematic review and meta-analytic exploration. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 81, 75–98. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.020, PMID:
    1. Lin C., Clark R., Tu P., Bosworth H. B., Zullig L. L. (2017). Breast cancer oral anti-cancer medication adherence: a systematic review of psychosocial motivators and barriers. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 165, 247–260. doi: 10.1007/s10549-017-4317-2, PMID:
    1. Loh K. P., Zittel J., Kadambi S., Pandya C., Xu H., Flannery M., et al. . (2018). Elucidating the associations between sleep disturbance and depression, fatigue, and pain in older adults with cancer. J. Geriatr. Oncol. 9, 464–468. doi: 10.1016/j.jgo.2018.02.006, PMID:
    1. Lomas T. (2015). A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 57, 401–410. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018, PMID:
    1. Ma Y., He B., Jiang M., Yang Y., Wang C., Huang C., et al. . (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 111:103707. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103707, PMID:
    1. Mackinnon C. (2012). Shamanism and Spirituality in Therapeutic Practice: An Introduction. London, UK: Singing Dragon.
    1. Maclean K. A., Leoutsakos J.-M. S., Johnson M. W., Griffiths R. R. (2012). Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: a study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin. J. Sci. Study Relig. 51, 721–737. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x
    1. Mainieri A. G., Peres J. F. P., Moreira-Almeida A., Mathiak K., Habel U., Kohn N. (2017). Neural correlates of psychotic-like experiences during spiritual-trance state. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 266, 101–107. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.06.006, PMID:
    1. Mehnert A., Hartung T. J., Friedrich M., Vehling S., Brähler E., Härter M., et al. . (2018). One in two cancer patients is significantly distressed: prevalence and indicators of distress. Psychooncology 27, 75–82. doi: 10.1002/pon.4464, PMID:
    1. Merckelbach H., Horselenberg R., Muris P. (2001). The creative experiences questionnaire (CEQ): a brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness. Personal. Individ. Differ. 31, 987–995. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00201-4
    1. Mitchell A. J., Chan M., Bhatti H., Halton M., Grassi L., Johansen C., et al. . (2011). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol. 12, 160–174. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70002-X, PMID:
    1. Neff K. D., Germer C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J. Clin. Psychol. 69, 28–44. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21923, PMID:
    1. Neff K. D., Knox M. C., Long P., Gregory K. (2020). Caring for others without losing yourself: an adaptation of the mindful self-compassion program for healthcare communities. J. Clin. Psychol. 76, 1543–1562. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23007, PMID:
    1. Neufeld N. J., Elnahal S. M., Alvarez R. H. (2017). Cancer pain: a review of epidemiology, clinical quality and value impact. Future Oncol. 13, 833–841. doi: 10.2217/fon-2016-0423, PMID:
    1. Ngamkham S., Holden J. E., Smith E. L. (2019). A systematic review: mindfulness intervention for cancer-related pain. Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs. 6, 161–169. doi: 10.4103/apjon.apjon_67_18, PMID:
    1. Oohashi T., Kawai N., Honda M., Nakamura S., Morimoto M., Nishina E., et al. . (2002). Electroencephalographic measurement of possession trance in the field. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113, 435–445. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00002-0, PMID:
    1. Ospina M. B., Bond K., Karkhaneh M., Buscemi N., Dryden D. M., Barnes V., et al. . (2008). Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: characteristics and quality. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 14, 1199–1213. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0307, PMID:
    1. Patsopoulos N. A. (2011). A pragmatic view on pragmatic trials. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 13, 217–224. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2011.13.2/npatsopoulos, PMID:
    1. Peres J. F., Moreira-Almeida A., Caixeta L., Leao F., Newberg A. (2012). Neuroimaging during trance state: a contribution to the study of dissociation. PLoS One 7:e49360. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049360, PMID:
    1. Preference Collaborative Review Group (2008). Patients’ preferences within randomised trials: systematic review and patient level meta-analysis. BMJ 337:a1864. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1864, PMID:
    1. Pullens M. J. J., De Vries J., Roukema J. A. (2010). Subjective cognitive dysfunction in breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Psychooncology 19, 1127–1138. doi: 10.1002/pon.1673, PMID:
    1. Riba M. B., Donovan K. A., Andersen B., Braun I., Breitbart W. S., Brewer B. W., et al. . (2019). Distress management, version 3.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 17, 1229–1249. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.0048, PMID:
    1. Sanford S. D., Beaumont J. L., Butt Z., Sweet J. J., Cella D., Wagner L. I. (2014). Prospective longitudinal evaluation of a symptom cluster in breast cancer. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 47, 721–730. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.010, PMID:
    1. Santoso A. M. M., Jansen F., de Vries R., Leemans C. R., van Straten A., Verdonck-de Leeuw I. M. (2019). Prevalence of sleep disturbances among head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 47, 62–73. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.06.003, PMID:
    1. Savard M.-H., Savard J., Simard S., Ivers H. (2005). Empirical validation of the insomnia severity index in cancer patients. Psychooncology 14, 429–441. doi: 10.1002/pon.860, PMID:
    1. Sawni A., Breuner C. C. (2017). Clinical hypnosis, an effective mind-body modality for adolescents with behavioral and physical complaints. Children 4:19. doi: 10.3390/children4040019, PMID:
    1. Schieber K., Niecke A., Geiser F., Erim Y., Bergelt C., Büttner-Teleaga A., et al. . (2019). The course of cancer-related insomnia: don’t expect it to disappear after cancer treatment. Sleep Med. 58, 107–113. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.02.018, PMID:
    1. Sedgwick P. (2013). What is a patient preference trial? BMJ 347:f5970. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f5970
    1. Sidky H. (2009). A Shaman’s cure: the relationship between altered states of consciousness and shamanic healing1. Anthropol. Conscious. 20, 171–197. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-3537.2009.01016.x
    1. Smets E. M., Garssen B., Bonke B., De Haes J. C. (1995). The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. J. Psychosom. Res. 39, 315–325. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00125-O, PMID:
    1. Sombrun C. (2006). Mon Initiation Chez les Chamanes. Paris: Pocket.
    1. Sombrun C. (2012). Les Esprits de la steppe: Avec les derniers chamanes de Mongolie. Paris: Albin Michel.
    1. Spiegel D. (1985). The use of hypnosis in controlling cancer pain. CA Cancer J. Clin. 35, 221–231. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.35.4.221, PMID:
    1. Spiegel D. (1991). Neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis and dissociation. J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci. 3, 440–445. doi: 10.1176/jnp.3.4.440, PMID:
    1. Suh H.-W., Jeong H. Y., Hong S., Kim J. W., Yoon S. W., Lee J. Y., et al. . (2021). The mindfulness-based stress reduction program for improving sleep quality in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement. Ther. Med. 57:102667. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102667, PMID:
    1. Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R. L., Laversanne M., Soerjomataram I., Jemal A., et al. . (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660, PMID:
    1. Thibaut A., Panda R., Annen J., Sanz L. R. D., Naccache L., Martial C., et al. . (2021). Preservation of brain activity in unresponsive patients identifies MCS star. Ann. Neurol. 90, 89–100. doi: 10.1002/ana.26095, PMID:
    1. Vanhaudenhuyse A., Laureys S., Faymonville M.-E. (2014). Neurophysiology of hypnosis. Neurophysiol. Clin. 44, 343–353. doi: 10.1016/j.neucli.2013.09.006, PMID:
    1. Vanhaudenhuyse A., Nyssen A.-S., Faymonville M.-E. (2020). Recent insight on how the neuroscientific approach helps clinicians. OBM Int. Complement. Med. 5:20. doi: 10.21926/obm.icm.2002028
    1. Watson M., Greer S., Young J., Inayat Q., Burgess C., Robertson B. (1988). Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to cancer: the MAC scale. Psychol. Med. 18, 203–209. doi: 10.1017/S0033291700002026, PMID:
    1. Weitzenhoffer A. M. (2002). Scales, scales and more scales. Am. J. Clin. Hypn. 44, 209–219. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2002.10403481, PMID:
    1. Zigmond A. S., Snaith R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 67, 361–370. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x, PMID:

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe