Diagnostic Performance and Safety of Positron Emission Tomography Using 18F-Fluciclovine in Patients with Clinically Suspected High- or Low-grade Gliomas: A Multicenter Phase IIb Trial

Toshihiko Wakabayashi, Toshihiko Iuchi, Naohiro Tsuyuguchi, Ryo Nishikawa, Yoshiki Arakawa, Takashi Sasayama, Keisuke Miyake, Tadashi Nariai, Yoshitaka Narita, Naoya Hashimoto, Osamu Okuda, Hiroshi Matsuda, Kazuo Kubota, Kimiteru Ito, Yoichi Nakazato, Kan Kubomura, Toshihiko Wakabayashi, Toshihiko Iuchi, Naohiro Tsuyuguchi, Ryo Nishikawa, Yoshiki Arakawa, Takashi Sasayama, Keisuke Miyake, Tadashi Nariai, Yoshitaka Narita, Naoya Hashimoto, Osamu Okuda, Hiroshi Matsuda, Kazuo Kubota, Kimiteru Ito, Yoichi Nakazato, Kan Kubomura

Abstract

Objectives: The study objective was to assess the diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography (PET) for gliomas using the novel tracer 18F-fluciclovine (anti-[18F]FACBC) and to evaluate the safety of this tracer in patients with clinically suspected gliomas.

Methods: Anti-[18F]FACBC was administered to 40 patients with clinically suspected high- or low-grade gliomas, followed by PET imaging. T1-weighted, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (or T2-weighted) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained to plan for the tissue collection. Tissues were collected from either "areas visualized using anti-[18F]FACBC PET imaging but not using contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging" or "areas visualized using both anti-[18F]FACBC-PET imaging and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging" and were histopathologically examined to assess the diagnostic accuracy of anti-[18F]FACBC-PET for gliomas.

Results: The positive predictive value of anti-[18F]FACBC-PET imaging for glioma in areas visualized using anti-[18F]FACBC-PET imaging, but not visualized using contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, was 100.0% (26/26), and the value in areas visualized using both contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging and anti-[18F]FACBC-PET imaging was 87.5% (7/8). Twelve adverse events occurred in 7 (17.5%) of the 40 patients who received anti-[18F]FACBC. Five events in five patients were considered to be adverse drug reactions; however, none of the events were serious, and all except one resolved spontaneously without treatment.

Conclusion: This Phase IIb trial showed that anti-[18F]FACBC-PET imaging was effective for the detection of gliomas in areas not visualized using contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI and the tracer was well tolerated.

Keywords: 18F-fluciclovine; Brain tumor; Clinical trial; Glioma; Positron-Emission Tomography.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Patient characteristics. Forty-two subjects consented to participate in this study and were enrolled. Of these, 40 received anti-[18F]FACBC and were included in the safety analysis set. To assess the ability to visualize tumors using anti-[18F]FACBC-PET imaging, tissues were collected from 35 of the 40 patients who received anti-[18F]FACBC
Figure 2
Figure 2
Case H12 (suspected high-grade glioma). T1-weighted (A1), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (A2 and A4 [Close up of tumor]), FLAIR (A3), and anti-[18F]FACBC-PET (A5 and A6 [Close up of tumor]) images of a patient in whom tissue collected from a Gd(-) PET(+) area was histopathologically diagnosed as infiltration of astrocytoma. The Ki-67 index was 8.9% and approximately 10% of cells were tumor cells. (Arrow and circle of each image indicate tumor lesion and tissue sampling site.)
Figure 3
Figure 3
Case L18 (suspected low-grade glioma). T1-weighted (A1/B1), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (A2/B2 and A4/B4 [Close up of tumor]), T2 (A3/B3), and anti-[18F]FACBC-PET (A5/B5 and A6/B6 [Close up of tumor]) images of a patient in whom (A) tissue collected from a Gd(-) PET(+) area was diagnosed histopathologically as anaplastic astrocytoma (Ki-67 index, 35.1%; approximately 80% of cells were tumor cells), and (B) tissue collected from a Gd(-) PET(-) area was histopathologically diagnosed as non-tumor (Ki-67 index, 0.0%; approximately 0% of cells were tumor cells). (Arrow and circle on each image indicate tumor lesion and tissue sampling site.)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Case L07 (suspected low-grade glioma). T1-weighted (A1/B1), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (A2/B2 and A4/B4 [Close up of tumor]), FLAIR (A3/B3), and anti-[18F]FACBC-PET (A5/B5 and A6/B6 [Close up of tumor]) images of a patient in whom (A) tissue collected from a Gd(-) PET(+) area was histopathologically diagnosed as oligodendroglioma (Ki-67 index, 9.7%; approximately 80% of cells were tumor cells) and (B) tissue collected from a Gd(-) PET(-) area was histopathologically diagnosed as infiltration of oligodendroglioma (Ki-67 index, 5.2%; approximately 5% of cells were tumor cells). (Arrow and circle of each image indicate tumor lesion and tissue sampling site.)

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