Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors: A community-based cross-sectional study in a peri-urban community of Kathmandu, Nepal

Raja Ram Dhungana, Puspa Thapa, Surya Devkota, Palash Chandra Banik, Yadav Gurung, Shirin Jahan Mumu, Arun Shayami, Liaquat Ali, Raja Ram Dhungana, Puspa Thapa, Surya Devkota, Palash Chandra Banik, Yadav Gurung, Shirin Jahan Mumu, Arun Shayami, Liaquat Ali

Abstract

Background: As a low-income country, Nepal is experiencing cardiovascular diseases as an emerging health problem. However, studies are lacking on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in peri-urban communities; where the socio-demographical transition is in progress. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and socio-demographic distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors in one of the peri-urban communities in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Sitapaila Village Development Committee, Kathmandu from February 2014 to February 2015. Altogether, 347 adults from 18 to 70 years of age were selected randomly. Data were collected through modified WHO STEPS questionnaire for non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors survey and analyzed in SPSS V.16.0 software.

Results: Mean age of the participant was 42.5 ± 13.2 years. Majority of them were female (n = 206; 59.4%), one-third (34%) represented Brahman and Chetri, and over a quarter (29.1%) did not attend school. Cardiovascular disease risk factors included smoking (17.6%), alcohol consumption (29.4%), insufficient fruit and vegetables intake (98%), insufficient physical activity (21.0%), obesity (15.3%), hypertension (34.4%), diabetes (10.5%), and high triglyceride levels (10.8%). They were significantly associated with different socio-demographic characteristics: smoking with gender, age groups and education level; alcohol consumption was with gender, age groups, ethnicity and occupation; insufficient physical activity with gender, age groups and occupation; hypertension with gender, age groups, ethnicity, education level and occupation.

Conclusion: A high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their disproportional distribution among the study population indicated an inevitable risk of cardiovascular events in near future.

Keywords: CVD risk factors; Diabetes; Hypertension; NCDs; Nepal; Peri-urban community.

Copyright © 2018 Cardiological Society of India. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

References

    1. World Health Organization . World Health Organisation; Geneva: 2011. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Disaeses 2010.
    1. Mathers C.D., Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e442.
    1. World Health Organization . World Health Organisation; Geneva: 2014. Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2014.
    1. Bhandari G.P., Neupane S., Ghimire U., Khanal A. Nepal Health Research Council; Kathmandu: 2010. Prevalence of Non-communicable Diseases in Nepal: Hospital Based Study.
    1. World Health Organization . World Health Organization; 2009. Global Health Risks: Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks.
    1. World Health Organization International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1983–1992.
    1. Sarwar N., Gao P., Seshasai S.R. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet (London, England) 2010;375:2215–2222.
    1. Nelson R.H. Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prim Care. 2013;40:195.
    1. Safford M.M., Brown T.M., Muntner P.M. Association of race and sex with risk of incident acute coronary heart disease events. JAMA. 2012;308:1768–1774.
    1. Sliwa K., Acquah L., Gersh B.J., Mocumbi A.O. Impact of socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and urbanization on risk factor profiles of cardiovascular disease in Africa. Circulation. 2016;133:1199–1208.
    1. Vaidya A. 2014. Perceptions and Practices of Cardiovascular Health: A Population Perspective from a Peri-Urban Nepalese Community.
    1. Vaidya A., Oli N., Krettek A., Eiben G. Preference of food-items and physical activity of peri-urban children in bhaktapur. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2017;15:150–158.
    1. Bhardwaj S.D., Shewte M.K., Bhatkule P.R., Khadse J.R. Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable disease in a rural area of Nagpur district, Maharashtra-A WHO STEP wise approach. Int J Biol Med Res. 2018:3.
    1. Vaidya A., Aryal U.R., Krettek A. Cardiovascular health knowledge, attitude and practice/behaviour in an urbanising community of Nepal: a population-based cross-sectional study from Jhaukhel-Duwakot health demographic surveillance site. BMJ Open. 2018;3:e002976.
    1. Zaman M.J., Patel A., Jan S. Socio-economic distribution of cardiovascular risk factors and knowledge in rural India. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41:1302–1314.
    1. Joshi R., Taksande B., Kalantri S.P., Jajoo U.N., Gupta R. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among rural population of elderly in Wardha district. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2013;4:140–146.
    1. Rasiah R., Yusoff K., Mohammadreza A. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and socioeconomic variables in a nation undergoing epidemiologic transition. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:886.
    1. Ogunmola O.J., Olaifa A.O., Oladapo O.O., Babatunde O.A. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adults without obvious cardiovascular disease in a rural community in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2013;13:89.
    1. Dhungana R.R., Devkota S., Khanal M.K. Prevalence of cardiovascular health risk behaviors in a remote rural community of Sindhuli district, Nepal. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:92.
    1. Ministry of Health GoN, Society for Local Integrated Development Nepal (SOLID Nepal) and WHO . Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal, Society for Local Integrated Development Nepal (SOLID Nepal) and WHO; Kathmandu: 2008. WHO STEPS Surveillance: Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey.
    1. World Health Organization . World Health Organisation; 2013. Nepal Health Research Council. Non Communicable Diseases Risk Factor, STEPS Survey 2013 Nepal.
    1. Government of Nepal . Vol. 2. Central Bureau of Statistics; Kathmandu, Nepal: 2012. (National Population and Housing Census 2011).
    1. Wanga S.K., Lemeshow S. A Practical Manual. Ginebra: World Health Organization; 1991. Sample size determination in health studies.
    1. Dhungana R., Khanal M., Pandey A. Assessment of short term cardiovascular risk among 40 years and above population in a selected community of Kathmandu, Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2015
    1. World Health Organization . World Health Organization; Geneva: 2008. WHO STEPS Surveillance Manual.
    1. World Health Organization . 2008. The WHO STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS)
    1. Jackson K.M. Heavy episodic drinking: determining the predictive utility of five or more drinks. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008;22:68.
    1. Haskell W.L., Lee I.-M., Pate R.R. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116:1081.
    1. World Health Organization . 2012. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide.
    1. Ainsworth B.E., Haskell W.L., Herrmann S.D. Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University; 2011. The Compendium of Physical Activities Tracking Guide. Vol 2017.
    1. World Health Organization Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000:894.
    1. World Health Organization . 2011. Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation.
    1. Lenfant C., Chobanian A.V., Jones D.W., Roccella E.J. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on the prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC 7): resetting the hypertension sails. Hypertension. 2003;41:1178–1179.
    1. Friedewald W.T., Levy R.I., Fredrickson D.S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502.
    1. Alberti K.G.M.M., Zimmet P.F. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998;15:539–553.
    1. Grundy S., Becker D., Clark L. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) Circulation-Hagertown. 2002;106:3143.
    1. Gyawali B., Sharma R., Neupane D., Mishra S.R., Van Teijlingen E., Kallestrup P. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000 to 2014. Global Health Action. 2015;8:29088.
    1. Neupane D., McLachlan C.S., Sharma R. Prevalence of hypertension in member countries of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2014:93.
    1. Dhungana R.R., Pandey A.R., Bista B., Joshi S., Devkota S. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: a community-based cross-sectional study in municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal. Int J Hypertens. 2016:2016.
    1. Vaidya A., Pathak R.P., Pandey M.R. Prevalence of hypertension in Nepalese community triples in 25 years: a repeat cross-sectional study in rural Kathmandu. Indian Heart J. 2012;64:128–131.
    1. Shrestha S., Devkota R. Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a sub-urban area of central Nepal. Int J Commun Med Public Health. 2016;3:2477–2486.
    1. Fredrickson D., Washington R., Pham N., Jackson T., Wiltshire J., Jecha L. Reading grade levels and health behaviors of parents at child clinics. Kansas Med. 1994;96:127–129.
    1. Ministry of Health . MOHP, New ERA, ICF international; Kathmandu: 2006. New ERA, ICF International. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey.
    1. Ministry of Health . MOHP, New ERA, ICF international; 2011. New ERA, ICF International. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey.
    1. Dhungana R.R., Khanal M., Baniya A. Prevalence of current tobacco use among secondary students In Nepal: a meta-Analysis. J Chitwan Med Coll. 2014;3:1–5.
    1. Hall J.N., Moore S., Harper S.B., Lynch J.W. Global variability in fruit and vegetable consumption. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(May (5)):402–409. e5.
    1. Van Holle V., Deforche B., Van Cauwenberg J. Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:807.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe