Comparison of ingesting a food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides to carbohydrate on performance and recovery from an acute bout of resistance-exercise and sprint conditioning: an open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover pilot study

Tyler J Grubic, Ryan J Sowinski, Ben E Nevares, Victoria M Jenkins, Susannah L Williamson, Aimee G Reyes, Christopher Rasmussen, Mike Greenwood, Peter S Murano, Conrad P Earnest, Richard B Kreider, Tyler J Grubic, Ryan J Sowinski, Ben E Nevares, Victoria M Jenkins, Susannah L Williamson, Aimee G Reyes, Christopher Rasmussen, Mike Greenwood, Peter S Murano, Conrad P Earnest, Richard B Kreider

Abstract

Background: We previously reported that consuming a food bar (FB) containing whey protein and the plant fiber isomalto-oligosaccharides [IMO] had a lower glycemic (GI) but similar insulinemic response as a high GI carbohydrate. Therefore, we hypothesized that ingestion of this FB before, during, and following intense exercise would better maintain glucose homeostasis and performance while hastening recovery in comparison to the common practice of ingesting carbohydrate alone.

Methods: Twelve resistance-trained males participated in an open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial with a 7-d washout period. Participants consumed a carbohydrate matched dextrose comparitor (CHO) or a FB containing 20 g of whey, 25 g of IMO, and 7 g of fat 30-min before, mid-way, and following intense exercise. Participants performed 11 resistance-exercises (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM) followed by agility and sprint conditioning drills for time. Participants donated blood to assess catabolic and inflammatory markers, performed isokinetic strength tests, and rated perceptions of muscle soreness, hypoglycemia before, and following exercise and after 48 h of recovery. Data were analyzed using general linear models (GLM) for repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a one-way analysis of variance. Data are reported as mean change from baseline with 95% CI.

Results: GLM analysis demonstrated that blood glucose was significantly higher 30-min post-ingestion for CHO (3.1 [2.0, 4.3 mmol/L,] and FB (0.8 [0.2, 1.5, mmol/L, p = 0.001) while the post-exercise ratio of insulin to glucose was greater with FB (CHO 0.04 [0.00, 0.08], FB 0.11 [0.07, 0.15], p = 0.013, η2 = 0.25). GLM analysis revealed no significant interaction effects between treatments in lifting volume of each resistance-exercise or total lifting volume. However, analysis of mean changes from baseline with 95% CI's revealed that leg press lifting volume (CHO -130.79 [- 235.02, - 26.55]; FB -7.94 [- 112.17, 96.30] kg, p = 0.09, η2 = 0.12) and total lifting volume (CHO -198.26 [- 320.1, - 76.4], FB -81.7 [- 203.6, 40.1] kg, p = 0.175, η2 = 0.08) from set 1 to 3 was significantly reduced for CHO, but not for the FB. No significant interaction effects were observed in ratings of muscle soreness. However, mean change analysis revealed that ratings of soreness of the distal vastus medialis significantly increased from baseline with CHO while being unchanged with FB (CHO 1.88 [0.60, 3.17]; FB 0.29 [- 0.99, 1.57] cm, p = 0.083, η2 = 0.13). No significant GLM interaction or mean change analysis effects were seen between treatments in sprint performance, isokinetic strength, markers of catabolism, stress and sex hormones, or inflammatory markers.

Conclusion: Pilot study results provide some evidence that ingestion of this FB can positively affect glucose homeostasis, help maintain workout performance, and lessen perceptions of muscle soreness.

Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov, # NCT03704337 . Retrospectively registered 12, July 2018.

Keywords: Energy bars; Glycemic index; Glycemic load; Nutrient timing.

Conflict of interest statement

CPE is a paid consultant for Naturally Slim (Dallas, TX, USA) and Catapult Health (Dallas, TX, USA). RBK previously served as a university approved scientific advisor for Nutrabolt. PSM served as quality assurance supervisor in accordance to a conflict of interest management plan that was approved by the university’s research and compliance office, the internal review board, and office of grants and contracts and monitored by research compliance. Remaining investigators have no competing interests to declare. The results from this study do not constitute endorsement by the authors and/or the institution concerning the nutrients investigated. Investigators in the Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory independently collected, analyzed and interpreted the results from this study and have no financial interests in the results of this study.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Timeline for testing. NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, FB = food bar, CHO = carbohydrate, 1RM = one repetition maximum, BG = blood glucose, NAD = Nebraska Agility Drill
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mean changes with 95% CI in blood glucose (panel a), insulin (panel b), and the insulin to glucose ratio (panel c) observed in the carbohydrate (CHO) and food bar (FB) treatments. Mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s completely above or below baseline represent a significant difference. † represents p < 0.05 difference between treatments. ‡ represents p > 0.05 to p < 0.10 difference between treatments
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Mean changes with 95% CI in blood glucose observed in the carbohydrate (CHO) and food bar (FB) treatments. RE = resistance exercise. Mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s completely above or below baseline represent a significant difference. * represents p < 0.05 difference from baseline. † represents p < 0.05 difference between treatments
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Mean changes with 95% CI in leg press volume (panel a) and total lifting volume (panel b) for the carbohydrate (CHO) and food bar (FB) treatments. Mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s completely above or below baseline represent a significant difference. ‡ represents p > 0.05 to p < 0.10 difference between treatments
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Mean changes with 95% CI in Nebraska Agility Drill performance times for the carbohydrate (CHO) and food bar (FB) treatments. Mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s completely above or below baseline represent a significant difference
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Mean changes with 95% CI in ratings of muscle soreness for the carbohydrate (CHO) and food bar (FB) treatments. Mean changes from baseline with 95% CI’s completely above or below baseline represent a significant difference. Panel a shows ratings for distal vastus medialis muscle soreness, Panel b presents ratings of muscle soreness mid-lateral vastus lateralis, and Panel c displays distal vastus lateral ratings of muscle soreness

References

    1. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jager R, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y.
    1. Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, Stout JR, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:33. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4.
    1. Jager R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:20. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8.
    1. Campbell B, Wilborn C, La Bounty P, Taylor L, Nelson MT, Greenwood M, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-1.
    1. Kreider RB, Earnest CP, Lundberg J, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Cowan P, et al. Effects of ingesting protein with various forms of carbohydrate following resistance-exercise on substrate availability and markers of anabolism, catabolism, and immunity. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:18. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-4-18.
    1. Earnest CP, Lancaster SL, Rasmussen CJ, Kerksick CM, Lucia A, Greenwood MC, et al. Low vs. high glycemic index carbohydrate gel ingestion during simulated 64-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(3):466–472.
    1. Goffin D, Delzenne N, Blecker C, Hanon E, Deroanne C, Paquot M. Will isomalto-oligosaccharides, a well-established functional food in Asia, break through the European and American market? The status of knowledge on these prebiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011;51(5):394–409. doi: 10.1080/10408391003628955.
    1. Wang W, Xin H, Fang X, Dou H, Liu F, Huang D, et al. Isomalto-oligosaccharides ameliorate visceral hyperalgesia with repair damage of ileal epithelial ultrastructure in rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175276. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175276.
    1. Singh DP, Singh J, Boparai RK, Zhu J, Mantri S, Khare P, et al. Isomalto-oligosaccharides, a prebiotic, functionally augment green tea effects against high fat diet-induced metabolic alterations via preventing gut dysbacteriosis in mice. Pharmacol Res. 2017;123:103–113. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.015.
    1. Singh DP, Khare P, Zhu J, Kondepudi KK, Singh J, Baboota RK, et al. A novel cobiotic-based preventive approach against high-fat diet-induced adiposity, nonalcoholic fatty liver and gut derangement in mice. Int J Obes. 2016;40(3):487–496. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2015.197.
    1. Mookiah S, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Abdullah N, Ho YW. Effects of dietary prebiotics, probiotic and synbiotics on performance, caecal bacterial populations and caecal fermentation concentrations of broiler chickens. J Sci Food Agric. 2014;94(2):341–348. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6365.
    1. Singh Dhirendra Pratap, Singh Shashank, Bijalwan Vandana, Kumar Vijay, Khare Pragyanshu, Baboota Ritesh Kumar, Singh Paramdeep, Boparai Ravneet Kaur, Singh Jagdeep, Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran, Chopra Kanwaljit, Bishnoi Mahendra. Co-supplementation of isomalto-oligosaccharides potentiates metabolic health benefits of polyphenol-rich cranberry extract in high fat diet-fed mice via enhanced gut butyrate production. European Journal of Nutrition. 2017;57(8):2897–2911. doi: 10.1007/s00394-017-1561-5.
    1. Singh DP, Khare P, Bijalwan V, Baboota RK, Singh J, Kondepudi KK, et al. Coadministration of isomalto-oligosaccharides augments metabolic health benefits of cinnamaldehyde in high fat diet fed mice. Biofactors. 2017;43(6):821–35. doi: 10.1002/biof.1381.
    1. Kalra PA. Introducing iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer(R))-development rationale and clinical experience. NDT Plus. 2011;4(Suppl 1):i10–ii3.
    1. Grubic T, Sowinski R, Dalton R, PB C, Reyes A, Favot C, et al. Glycemic and insulinemic response to ingestion of a novel food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides. Austin J Nutri Food Sci. 2018;6:1.
    1. Riebe D, JK Ehrman, G Ligouri, M Magal. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10 ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2018. 472 p.
    1. Magrans-Courtney T, Wilborn C, Rasmussen C, Ferreira M, Greenwood L, Campbell B, et al. Effects of diet type and supplementation of glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM on body composition, functional status, and markers of health in women with knee osteoarthritis initiating a resistance-based exercise and weight loss program. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2011;8(1):8. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-8-8.
    1. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Vupputuri S, Myers L, et al. Agreement on nutrient intake between the databases of the first National Health and nutrition examination survey and the ESHA food processor. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(1):78–85. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf003.
    1. Mayhew JL, Prinster JL, Ware JS, Zimmer DL, Arabas JR, Bemben MG. Muscular endurance repetitions to predict bench press strength in men of different training levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1995;35(2):108–113.
    1. Haff G, Triplett T. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2016.
    1. Davis JA, Brewer J. Applied physiology of female soccer players. Sports Med. 1993;16(3):180–189. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199316030-00003.
    1. Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wisloff U, Hoff J. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1925–1931. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200111000-00019.
    1. Sheppard JM, Young WB, Doyle TL, Sheppard TA, Newton RU. An evaluation of a new test of reactive agility and its relationship to sprint speed and change of direction speed. J Sci Med Sport. 2006;9(4):342–349. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.05.019.
    1. Levers K, Dalton R, Galvan E, O'Connor A, Goodenough C, Simbo S, et al. Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on acute endurance exercise performance in aerobically trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:22. doi: 10.1186/s12970-016-0133-z.
    1. Bowling JL, Katayev A. An evaluation of the Roche Cobas c 111. Lab Med. 2010;41(7):398–402. doi: 10.1309/LM6T8D1LKQXVNCAC.
    1. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34(3):362–366. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362.
    1. Bush VJ, Janu MR, Bathur F, Wells A, Dasgupta A. Comparison of BD vacutainer SST plus tubes with BD SST II plus tubes for common analytes. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;306(1–2):139–143. doi: 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00396-5.
    1. Dunbar SA, Hoffmeyer MR. Microsphere-based multiplex 2.9 immunoassays: development and applications using Luminex® xMAP® technology. The immunoassay handbook: theory and applications of ligand binding, ELISA and Related Techniques. 2013. p. 157.
    1. Litteljohn D, Hayley S. Cytokines as potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a multiplex approach. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;934:121–144. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-071-7_7.
    1. Jacobson JW, Oliver KG, Weiss C, Kettman J. Analysis of individual data from bead-based assays ("bead arrays") Cytometry A. 2006;69(5):384–390. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.20293.
    1. Zhang Y, Huo M, Zhou J, Xie S. PKSolver: an add-in program for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis in Microsoft excel. Comput Methods Prog Biomed. 2010;99(3):306–314. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.01.007.
    1. Pruessner JC, Kirschbaum C, Meinlschmid G, Hellhammer DH. Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28(7):916–931. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00108-7.
    1. Earnest Conrad, Roberts Brandon, Harnish Christopher, Kutz Jessica, Cholewa Jason, Johannsen Neil. Reporting Characteristics in Sports Nutrition. Sports. 2018;6(4):139. doi: 10.3390/sports6040139.
    1. Page P. Beyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(5):726–736.
    1. Gunnerud UJ, Ostman EM, Bjorck IM. Effects of whey proteins on glycaemia and insulinaemia to an oral glucose load in healthy adults; a dose-response study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(7):749–753. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.88.
    1. Soong YY, Lim J, Sun L, Henry CJ. Effect of co-ingestion of amino acids with rice on glycaemic and insulinaemic response. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(11):1845–1851. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003645.
    1. Suzuki M. Glycemic carbohydrates consumed with amino acids or protein right after exercise enhance muscle formation. Nutr Rev. 2003;61(5):S88–S94. doi: 10.1301/nr.2003.may.S88-S94.
    1. Notomi T, Karasaki I, Okazaki Y, Okimoto N, Kato Y, Ohura K, et al. Insulinogenic sucrose+amino acid mixture ingestion immediately after resistance exercise has an anabolic effect on bone compared with non-insulinogenic fructose+amino acid mixture in growing rats. Bone. 2014;65:42–48. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.05.002.
    1. Salehi A, Gunnerud U, Muhammed SJ, Ostman E, Holst JJ, Bjorck I, et al. The insulinogenic effect of whey protein is partially mediated by a direct effect of amino acids and GIP on beta-cells. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012;9(1):48. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-48.
    1. Schmid R, Schusdziarra V, Schulte-Frohlinde E, Maier V, Classen M. Role of amino acids in stimulation of postprandial insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide in humans. Pancreas. 1989;4(3):305–314. doi: 10.1097/00006676-198906000-00006.
    1. Frid AH, Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM. Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(1):69–75. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/82.1.69.
    1. Gunnerud U, Holst JJ, Ostman E, Bjorck I. The glycemic, insulinemic and plasma amino acid responses to equi-carbohydrate milk meals, a pilot- study of bovine and human milk. Nutr J. 2012;11:83. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-83.
    1. Brand-Miller J, Holt SH, de Jong V, Petocz P. Cocoa powder increases postprandial insulinemia in lean young adults. J Nutr. 2003;133(10):3149–3152. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.10.3149.
    1. Pantophlet AJ, Wopereis S, Eelderink C, Vonk RJ, Stroeve JH, Bijlsma S, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals differences in plasma concentrations of arabinose and xylose after consumption of Fiber-rich pasta and wheat bread with differential rates of systemic appearance of exogenous glucose in healthy men. J Nutr. 2017;147(2):152–160. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.237404.
    1. Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AFH. Impact of dietary Fiber consumption on insulin resistance and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2018;148(1):7–12. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxx008.
    1. Mizubuchi H, Yajima T, Aoi N, Tomita T, Yoshikai Y. Isomalto-oligosaccharides polarize Th1-like responses in intestinal and systemic immunity in mice. J Nutr. 2005;135(12):2857–2861. doi: 10.1093/jn/135.12.2857.
    1. Kihara M, Sakata T. Production of short-chain fatty acids and gas from various oligosaccharides by gut microbes of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in micro-scale batch culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2002;132(2):333–340. doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00029-6.
    1. Rycroft CE, Jones MR, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. A comparative in vitro evaluation of the fermentation properties of prebiotic oligosaccharides. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;91(5):878–887. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01446.x.
    1. Brown MA, Stevenson EJ, Howatson G. Whey protein hydrolysate supplementation accelerates recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018;43(4):324–330. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0412.
    1. Buckley JD, Thomson RL, Coates AM, Howe PR, DeNichilo MO, Rowney MK. Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(1):178–181. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.007.
    1. Farup J, Rahbek SK, Knudsen IS, de Paoli F, Mackey AL, Vissing K. Whey protein supplementation accelerates satellite cell proliferation during recovery from eccentric exercise. Amino Acids. 2014;46(11):2503–2516. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1810-3.
    1. Kim J, Lee C, Lee J. Effect of timing of whey protein supplement on muscle damage markers after eccentric exercise. J Exerc Rehabil. 2017;13(4):436–440. doi: 10.12965/jer.1735034.517.
    1. Rahbek SK, Farup J, de Paoli F, Vissing K. No differential effects of divergent isocaloric supplements on signaling for muscle protein turnover during recovery from muscle-damaging eccentric exercise. Amino Acids. 2015;47(4):767–778. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1907-8.
    1. Roberts J, Zinchenko A, Suckling C, Smith L, Johnstone J, Henselmans M. The short-term effect of high versus moderate protein intake on recovery after strength training in resistance-trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:44. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0201-z.
    1. Sorensen LB, Moller P, Flint A, Martens M, Raben A. Effect of sensory perception of foods on appetite and food intake: a review of studies on humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(10):1152–1166. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802391.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbejdspartnere

Medicinske tilstande

Narkotikainterventioner

3
Abonner