Characteristics and Outcomes of Individuals With Pre-existing Kidney Disease and COVID-19 Admitted to Intensive Care Units in the United States

Jennifer E Flythe, Magdalene M Assimon, Matthew J Tugman, Emily H Chang, Shruti Gupta, Jatan Shah, Marie Anne Sosa, Amanda DeMauro Renaghan, Michal L Melamed, F Perry Wilson, Javier A Neyra, Arash Rashidi, Suzanne M Boyle, Shuchi Anand, Marta Christov, Leslie F Thomas, Daniel Edmonston, David E Leaf, STOP-COVID Investigators, Carl P Walther, Samaya J Anumudu, Justin Arunthamakun, Kathleen F Kopecky, Gregory P Milligan, Peter A McCullough, Thuy-Duyen Nguyen, Shahzad Shaefi, Megan L Krajewski, Sidharth Shankar, Ameeka Pannu, Juan D Valencia, Sushrut S Waikar, Zoe A Kibbelaar, Ambarish M Athavale, Peter Hart, Shristi Upadhyay, Ishaan Vohra, Adam Green, Jean-Sebastien Rachoin, Christa A Schorr, Lisa Shea, Daniel L Edmonston, Christopher L Mosher, Alexandre M Shehata, Zaza Cohen, Valerie Allusson, Gabriela Bambrick-Santoyo, Noor Ul Aain Bhatti, Bijal Mehta, Aquino Williams, Samantha K Brenner, Patricia Walters, Ronaldo C Go, Keith M Rose, Lili Chan, Kusum S Mathews, Steven G Coca, Deena R Altman, Aparna Saha, Howard Soh, Huei Hsun Wen, Sonali Bose, Emily A Leven, Jing G Wang, Gohar Mosoyan, Girish N Nadkarni, Pattharawin Pattharanitima, Emily J Gallagher, Allon N Friedman, John Guirguis, Rajat Kapoor, Christopher Meshberger, Katherine J Kelly, Chirag R Parikh, Brian T Garibaldi, Celia P Corona-Villalobos, Yumeng Wen, Steven Menez, Rubab F Malik, Carmen Elena Cervantes, Samir C Gautam, Mary C Mallappallil, Jie Ouyang, Sabu John, Ernie Yap, Yohannes Melaku, Ibrahim Mohamed, Siddhartha Bajracharya, Isha Puri, Mariah Thaxton, Jyotsna Bhattacharya, John Wagner, Leon Boudourakis, H Bryant Nguyen, Afshin Ahoubim, Kianoush Kashani, Shahrzad Tehranian, Leslie F Thomas, Dheeraj Reddy Sirganagari, Pramod K Guru, Yan Zhou, Paul A Bergl, Jesus Rodriguez, Jatan A Shah, Mrigank S Gupta, Princy N Kumar, Deepa G Lazarous, Seble G Kassaye, Michal L Melamed, Tanya S Johns, Ryan Mocerino, Kalyan Prudhvi, Denzel Zhu, Rebecca V Levy, Yorg Azzi, Molly Fisher, Milagros Yunes, Kaltrina Sedaliu, Ladan Golestaneh, Maureen Brogan, Neelja Kumar, Michael Chang, Jyotsana Thakkar, Ritesh Raichoudhury, Akshay Athreya, Mohamed Farag, Edward J Schenck, Soo Jung Cho, Maria Plataki, Sergio L Alvarez-Mulett, Luis G Gomez-Escobar, Di Pan, Stefi Lee, Jamuna Krishnan, William Whalen, David Charytan, Ashley Macina, Sobaata Chaudhry, Benjamin Wu, Frank Modersitzki, Anand Srivastava, Alexander S Leidner, Carlos Martinez, Jacqueline M Kruser, Richard G Wunderink, Alexander J Hodakowski, Juan Carlos Q Velez, Eboni G Price-Haywood, Luis A Matute-Trochez, Anna E Hasty, Muner M B Mohamed, Rupali S Avasare, David Zonies, David E Leaf, Shruti Gupta, Meghan E Sise, Erik T Newman, Samah Abu Omar, Kapil K Pokharel, Shreyak Sharma, Harkarandeep Singh, Simon Correa, Tanveer Shaukat, Omer Kamal, Wei Wang, Heather Yang, Jeffery O Boateng, Meghan Lee, Ian A Strohbehn, Jiahua Li, Ariel L Mueller, Roberta Redfern, Nicholas S Cairl, Gabriel Naimy, Abeer Abu-Saif, Danyell Hall, Laura Bickley, Chris Rowan, Farah Madhani-Lovely, Vasil Peev, Jochen Reiser, John J Byun, Andrew Vissing, Esha M Kapania, Zoe Post, Nilam P Patel, Joy-Marie Hermes, Anne K Sutherland, Amee Patrawalla, Diana G Finkel, Barbara A Danek, Sowminya Arikapudi, Jeffrey M Paer, Peter Cangialosi, Mark Liotta, Jared Radbel, Sonika Puri, Jag Sunderram, Matthew T Scharf, Ayesha Ahmed, Ilya Berim, Jayanth S Vatson, Shuchi Anand, Joseph E Levitt, Pablo Garcia, Suzanne M Boyle, Rui Song, Jingjing Zhang, Sang Hoon Woo, Xiaoying Deng, Goni Katz-Greenberg, Katharine Senter, Moh'd A Sharshir, Vadym V Rusnak, Muhammad Imran Ali, Anip Bansal, Amber S Podoll, Michel Chonchol, Sunita Sharma, Ellen L Burnham, Arash Rashidi, Rana Hejal, Eric Judd, Laura Latta, Ashita Tolwani, Timothy E Albertson, Jason Y Adams, Ronald Reagan, Steven Y Chang, Rebecca M Beutler, Santa Monica, Carl E Schulze, Etienne Macedo, Harin Rhee, Kathleen D Liu, Vasantha K Jotwani, Jay L Koyner, Alissa Kunczt, Chintan V Shah, Vishal Jaikaransingh, Stephanie M Toth-Manikowski, Min J Joo, James P Lash, Javier A Neyra, Nourhan Chaaban, Rajany Dy, Alfredo Iardino, Elizabeth H Au, Jill H Sharma, Marie Anne Sosa, Sabrina Taldone, Gabriel Contreras, David De La Zerda, Hayley B Gershengorn, Salim S Hayek, Pennelope Blakely, Hanna Berlin, Tariq U Azam, Husam Shadid, Michael Pan, Patrick O' Hayer, Chelsea Meloche, Rafey Feroze, Rayan Kaakati, Danny Perry, Abbas Bitar, Elizabeth Anderson, Kishan J Padalia, John P Donnelly, Andrew J Admon, Jennifer E Flythe, Matthew J Tugman, Emily H Chang, Brent R Brown, Amanda K Leonberg-Yoo, Ryan C Spiardi, Todd A Miano, Meaghan S Roche, Charles R Vasquez, Amar D Bansal, Natalie C Ernecoff, Sanjana Kapoor, Siddharth Verma, Huiwen Chen, Csaba P Kovesdy, Miklos Z Molnar, Ambreen Azhar, S Susan Hedayati, Mridula V Nadamuni, Shani Shastri, Duwayne L Willett, Samuel A P Short, Amanda D Renaghan, Kyle B Enfield, Pavan K Bhatraju, A Bilal Malik, Matthew W Semler, Anitha Vijayan, Christina Mariyam Joy, Tingting Li, Seth Goldberg, Patricia F Kao, Greg L Schumaker, Nitender Goyal, Anthony J Faugno, Greg L Schumaker, Caroline M Hsu, Asma Tariq, Leah Meyer, Ravi K Kshirsagar, Daniel E Weiner, Aju Jose, Marta Christov, Jennifer Griffiths, Sanjeev Gupta, Aromma Kapoor, Perry Wilson, Tanima Arora, Ugochukwu Ugwuowo, Jennifer E Flythe, Magdalene M Assimon, Matthew J Tugman, Emily H Chang, Shruti Gupta, Jatan Shah, Marie Anne Sosa, Amanda DeMauro Renaghan, Michal L Melamed, F Perry Wilson, Javier A Neyra, Arash Rashidi, Suzanne M Boyle, Shuchi Anand, Marta Christov, Leslie F Thomas, Daniel Edmonston, David E Leaf, STOP-COVID Investigators, Carl P Walther, Samaya J Anumudu, Justin Arunthamakun, Kathleen F Kopecky, Gregory P Milligan, Peter A McCullough, Thuy-Duyen Nguyen, Shahzad Shaefi, Megan L Krajewski, Sidharth Shankar, Ameeka Pannu, Juan D Valencia, Sushrut S Waikar, Zoe A Kibbelaar, Ambarish M Athavale, Peter Hart, Shristi Upadhyay, Ishaan Vohra, Adam Green, Jean-Sebastien Rachoin, Christa A Schorr, Lisa Shea, Daniel L Edmonston, Christopher L Mosher, Alexandre M Shehata, Zaza Cohen, Valerie Allusson, Gabriela Bambrick-Santoyo, Noor Ul Aain Bhatti, Bijal Mehta, Aquino Williams, Samantha K Brenner, Patricia Walters, Ronaldo C Go, Keith M Rose, Lili Chan, Kusum S Mathews, Steven G Coca, Deena R Altman, Aparna Saha, Howard Soh, Huei Hsun Wen, Sonali Bose, Emily A Leven, Jing G Wang, Gohar Mosoyan, Girish N Nadkarni, Pattharawin Pattharanitima, Emily J Gallagher, Allon N Friedman, John Guirguis, Rajat Kapoor, Christopher Meshberger, Katherine J Kelly, Chirag R Parikh, Brian T Garibaldi, Celia P Corona-Villalobos, Yumeng Wen, Steven Menez, Rubab F Malik, Carmen Elena Cervantes, Samir C Gautam, Mary C Mallappallil, Jie Ouyang, Sabu John, Ernie Yap, Yohannes Melaku, Ibrahim Mohamed, Siddhartha Bajracharya, Isha Puri, Mariah Thaxton, Jyotsna Bhattacharya, John Wagner, Leon Boudourakis, H Bryant Nguyen, Afshin Ahoubim, Kianoush Kashani, Shahrzad Tehranian, Leslie F Thomas, Dheeraj Reddy Sirganagari, Pramod K Guru, Yan Zhou, Paul A Bergl, Jesus Rodriguez, Jatan A Shah, Mrigank S Gupta, Princy N Kumar, Deepa G Lazarous, Seble G Kassaye, Michal L Melamed, Tanya S Johns, Ryan Mocerino, Kalyan Prudhvi, Denzel Zhu, Rebecca V Levy, Yorg Azzi, Molly Fisher, Milagros Yunes, Kaltrina Sedaliu, Ladan Golestaneh, Maureen Brogan, Neelja Kumar, Michael Chang, Jyotsana Thakkar, Ritesh Raichoudhury, Akshay Athreya, Mohamed Farag, Edward J Schenck, Soo Jung Cho, Maria Plataki, Sergio L Alvarez-Mulett, Luis G Gomez-Escobar, Di Pan, Stefi Lee, Jamuna Krishnan, William Whalen, David Charytan, Ashley Macina, Sobaata Chaudhry, Benjamin Wu, Frank Modersitzki, Anand Srivastava, Alexander S Leidner, Carlos Martinez, Jacqueline M Kruser, Richard G Wunderink, Alexander J Hodakowski, Juan Carlos Q Velez, Eboni G Price-Haywood, Luis A Matute-Trochez, Anna E Hasty, Muner M B Mohamed, Rupali S Avasare, David Zonies, David E Leaf, Shruti Gupta, Meghan E Sise, Erik T Newman, Samah Abu Omar, Kapil K Pokharel, Shreyak Sharma, Harkarandeep Singh, Simon Correa, Tanveer Shaukat, Omer Kamal, Wei Wang, Heather Yang, Jeffery O Boateng, Meghan Lee, Ian A Strohbehn, Jiahua Li, Ariel L Mueller, Roberta Redfern, Nicholas S Cairl, Gabriel Naimy, Abeer Abu-Saif, Danyell Hall, Laura Bickley, Chris Rowan, Farah Madhani-Lovely, Vasil Peev, Jochen Reiser, John J Byun, Andrew Vissing, Esha M Kapania, Zoe Post, Nilam P Patel, Joy-Marie Hermes, Anne K Sutherland, Amee Patrawalla, Diana G Finkel, Barbara A Danek, Sowminya Arikapudi, Jeffrey M Paer, Peter Cangialosi, Mark Liotta, Jared Radbel, Sonika Puri, Jag Sunderram, Matthew T Scharf, Ayesha Ahmed, Ilya Berim, Jayanth S Vatson, Shuchi Anand, Joseph E Levitt, Pablo Garcia, Suzanne M Boyle, Rui Song, Jingjing Zhang, Sang Hoon Woo, Xiaoying Deng, Goni Katz-Greenberg, Katharine Senter, Moh'd A Sharshir, Vadym V Rusnak, Muhammad Imran Ali, Anip Bansal, Amber S Podoll, Michel Chonchol, Sunita Sharma, Ellen L Burnham, Arash Rashidi, Rana Hejal, Eric Judd, Laura Latta, Ashita Tolwani, Timothy E Albertson, Jason Y Adams, Ronald Reagan, Steven Y Chang, Rebecca M Beutler, Santa Monica, Carl E Schulze, Etienne Macedo, Harin Rhee, Kathleen D Liu, Vasantha K Jotwani, Jay L Koyner, Alissa Kunczt, Chintan V Shah, Vishal Jaikaransingh, Stephanie M Toth-Manikowski, Min J Joo, James P Lash, Javier A Neyra, Nourhan Chaaban, Rajany Dy, Alfredo Iardino, Elizabeth H Au, Jill H Sharma, Marie Anne Sosa, Sabrina Taldone, Gabriel Contreras, David De La Zerda, Hayley B Gershengorn, Salim S Hayek, Pennelope Blakely, Hanna Berlin, Tariq U Azam, Husam Shadid, Michael Pan, Patrick O' Hayer, Chelsea Meloche, Rafey Feroze, Rayan Kaakati, Danny Perry, Abbas Bitar, Elizabeth Anderson, Kishan J Padalia, John P Donnelly, Andrew J Admon, Jennifer E Flythe, Matthew J Tugman, Emily H Chang, Brent R Brown, Amanda K Leonberg-Yoo, Ryan C Spiardi, Todd A Miano, Meaghan S Roche, Charles R Vasquez, Amar D Bansal, Natalie C Ernecoff, Sanjana Kapoor, Siddharth Verma, Huiwen Chen, Csaba P Kovesdy, Miklos Z Molnar, Ambreen Azhar, S Susan Hedayati, Mridula V Nadamuni, Shani Shastri, Duwayne L Willett, Samuel A P Short, Amanda D Renaghan, Kyle B Enfield, Pavan K Bhatraju, A Bilal Malik, Matthew W Semler, Anitha Vijayan, Christina Mariyam Joy, Tingting Li, Seth Goldberg, Patricia F Kao, Greg L Schumaker, Nitender Goyal, Anthony J Faugno, Greg L Schumaker, Caroline M Hsu, Asma Tariq, Leah Meyer, Ravi K Kshirsagar, Daniel E Weiner, Aju Jose, Marta Christov, Jennifer Griffiths, Sanjeev Gupta, Aromma Kapoor, Perry Wilson, Tanima Arora, Ugochukwu Ugwuowo

Abstract

Rationale & objective: Underlying kidney disease is an emerging risk factor for more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. We examined the clinical courses of critically ill COVID-19 patients with and without pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and investigated the association between the degree of underlying kidney disease and in-hospital outcomes.

Study design: Retrospective cohort study.

Settings & participants: 4,264 critically ill patients with COVID-19 (143 patients with pre-existing kidney failure receiving maintenance dialysis; 521 patients with pre-existing non-dialysis-dependent CKD; and 3,600 patients without pre-existing CKD) admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) at 68 hospitals across the United States.

Predictor(s): Presence (vs absence) of pre-existing kidney disease.

Outcome(s): In-hospital mortality (primary); respiratory failure, shock, ventricular arrhythmia/cardiac arrest, thromboembolic events, major bleeds, and acute liver injury (secondary).

Analytical approach: We used standardized differences to compare patient characteristics (values>0.10 indicate a meaningful difference between groups) and multivariable-adjusted Fine and Gray survival models to examine outcome associations.

Results: Dialysis patients had a shorter time from symptom onset to ICU admission compared to other groups (median of 4 [IQR, 2-9] days for maintenance dialysis patients; 7 [IQR, 3-10] days for non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients; and 7 [IQR, 4-10] days for patients without pre-existing CKD). More dialysis patients (25%) reported altered mental status than those with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (20%; standardized difference=0.12) and those without pre-existing CKD (12%; standardized difference=0.36). Half of dialysis and non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients died within 28 days of ICU admission versus 35% of patients without pre-existing CKD. Compared to patients without pre-existing CKD, dialysis patients had higher risk for 28-day in-hospital death (adjusted HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.09-1.81]), while patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD had an intermediate risk (adjusted HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.08-1.44]).

Limitations: Potential residual confounding.

Conclusions: Findings highlight the high mortality of individuals with underlying kidney disease and severe COVID-19, underscoring the importance of identifying safe and effective COVID-19 therapies in this vulnerable population.

Keywords: COVID-19 outcome; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); altered mental status; chronic kidney disease (CKD); clinical course; clinical trajectory; critical illness; dialysis; end-stage kidney disease (ESKD); end-stage renal disease (ESRD); glomerular filtration rate (GFR); in-hospital mortality; intensive care unit (ICU); prognosis; renal function; severe COVID-19; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Copyright © 2020 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
Trajectories of key laboratory values in the first 14 days after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Median values are presented in the figure. Dialysis represents patients with pre-existing kidney failure receiving maintenance dialysis. CKD represents patients with pre-existing non-dialysis-dependent CKD. No kidney disease represents patients without pre-existing CKD. Figure S1 displays analogous figures for the laboratory values of creatinine, interleukin 6, fibrinogen, D-dimer, direct bilirubin, and troponin I. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Patient disposition at 14 and 28 days after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Dialysis represents patients with pre-existing kidney failure receiving maintenance dialysis. CKD represents patients with pre-existing non-dialysis-dependent CKD. No kidney disease represents patients without pre-existing CKD. Abbreviation: CKD, chronic kidney disease.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association between pre-existing CKD and 14-day in-hospital outcomes among critically ill patients with COVID-19. Dialysis represents patients with pre-existing kidney failure receiving maintenance dialysis. CKD represents patients with pre-existing non-dialysis-dependent CKD. No kidney disease represents patients without pre-existing CKD. Fine and Gray proportional subdistribution hazards models were used to estimate the association between the presence of pre-existing CKD (kidney failure receiving maintenance dialysis and non-dialysis-dependent CKD, separately) versus no pre-existing CKD and 14-day in-hospital outcomes. In mortality analyses, hospital discharge was treated as a competing event. In analyses of other outcomes, both in-hospital death and hospital discharge were treated as competing events. Analyses assessing mortality, respiratory failure, shock, and ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest were adjusted for age, sex, race, Hispanic ethnicity, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation or flutter. Analyses evaluating thrombotic events, major bleeding events, and acute liver injury were only adjusted for age, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity due to the low number of event counts. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HR, hazard ratio; ref., referent; vent arrhyth/card arrest, ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest.

References

    1. Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center, 2020. Accessed September 13, 2020.
    1. Williamson E.J., Walker A.J., Bhaskaran K. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430–436.
    1. Henry B.M., Lippi G. Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int Urol Nephrol. 2020;52(6):1193–1194.
    1. Cummings M.J., Baldwin M.R., Abrams D. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1763–1770.
    1. Rapp J, Lieberman-Cribbin W, Tuminello S, Taioli E. Male sex, severe obesity, older age, and chronic kidney disease are associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality in New York City [published online ahead of print August 2020]. Chest. 2020; 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2065.
    1. Gansevoort R.T., Hilbrands L.B. CKD is a key risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;26:1–2.
    1. Fried MW, Crawford JM, Mospan AR, et al. Patient characteristics and outcomes of 11,721 patients with COVID19 hospitalized across the United States [published online ahead of print August 2020]. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 10.1093/cid/ciaa1268.
    1. Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre COVID-19 Report, 2020. Accessed September 10, 2020.
    1. Hutchison C.A., Crowe A.V., Stevens P.E., Harrison D.A., Lipkin G.W. Case mix, outcome and activity for patients admitted to intensive care units requiring chronic renal dialysis: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2007;11(2):R50.
    1. Gilbertson D.T., Rothman K.J., Chertow G.M. Excess deaths attributable to influenza-like illness in the ESRD population. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30(2):346–353.
    1. Ando M., Shibuya A., Tsuchiya K., Akiba T., Nitta K. Reduced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to impaired cytokine response of monocytes in uremic patients. Kidney Int. 2006;70(2):358–362.
    1. Girndt M., Sester M., Sester U., Kaul H., Köhler H. Defective expression of B7-2 (CD86) on monocytes of dialysis patients correlates to the uremia-associated immune defect. Kidney Int. 2001;59(4):1382–1389.
    1. Syed-Ahmed M., Narayanan M. Immune dysfunction and risk of infection in chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2019;26(1):8–15.
    1. Wiersinga W.J., Rhodes A., Cheng A.C., Peacock S.J., Prescott H.C. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782–793.
    1. Richardson S., Hirsch J.S., Narasimhan M. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052–2059.
    1. Arentz M., Yim E., Klaff L. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612–1614.
    1. Singer A.J., Morley E.J., Meyers K. Cohort of four thousand four hundred four persons under investigation for COVID-19 in a New York hospital and predictors of ICU care and ventilation. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(76):394–404.
    1. Chan L, Chaudhary K, Saha A, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Sep 3;ASN.2020050615. 10.1681/ASN.2020050615. [published online ahead of print].
    1. Gupta S, Coca S, Chan L, et al. Acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020; 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.025.
    1. Cheng Y., Luo R., Wang K. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829–838.
    1. Guan W.J., Liang W.H., Zhao Y. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5)
    1. Hirsch J.S., Ng J.H., Ross D.W. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):209–218.
    1. Wu J., Li J., Zhu G. Clinical features of maintenance hemodialysis patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(8):1139–1145.
    1. Corbett R.W., Blakey S., Nitsch D. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in an urban dialysis center. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(8):1815–1823.
    1. The Renal Association COVID-19 Data, 2020. Accessed September 10, 2020.
    1. Gupta S., Hayek S.S., Wang W. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(180):1–12.
    1. Levey A.S., Coresh J., Greene T. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(4):247–254.
    1. Levey A.S., Stevens L.A., Schmid C.H. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–612.
    1. Austin P.C. Using the standardized difference to compare the prevalence of a binary variable between two groups in observational research. Commun Stat Simul Comput. 2009;38(6):1228–1234.
    1. Yang D., Dalton J. Paper 335-2012: A unified approach to measuring the effect size between two groups using SAS®. Accessed September 10, 2020.
    1. Moon A.M., Webb G.J., Aloman C. High mortality rates for SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and cirrhosis: preliminary results from an international registry. J Hepatol. 2020;73(3):705–708.
    1. Yan Y., Yang Y., Wang F. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1)
    1. Killerby M.E., Link-Gelles R., Haight S.C. Characteristics associated with hospitalization among patients with COVID-19 - metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March-April 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(25):790–794.
    1. Garg S., Kim L., Whitaker M. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 states, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(15):458–464.
    1. Grasselli G., Zangrillo A., Zanella A. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574–1581.
    1. Valeri A.M., Robbins-Juarez S.Y., Stevens J.S. Presentation and outcomes of patients with ESKD and COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(7):1409–1415.
    1. Ma Y., Diao B., Lv X. Epidemiological, clinical, and immunological features of a cluster of COVID-19 contracted hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(8):1333–1341.
    1. Fisher M., Milagros Y., Mokrzycki M., Golestaneh L., Alahiri E., Coco M. Chronic hemodialysis patients hospitalized with COVID-19- short-term outcomes in Bronx, New York. Kidney360. 2020;1(8):755–762.
    1. Adamsick M.L., Gandhi R.G., Bidell M.R. Remdesivir in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease and COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(7):1384–1386.
    1. Study of the use of favipiravir in hospitalized subjects with COVID-19, 2020. Accessed September 10, 2020.
    1. Chertow G.M., Normand S.L., McNeil B.J. “Renalism”: inappropriately low rates of coronary angiography in elderly individuals with renal insufficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(9):2462–2468.
    1. Varatharaj A., Thomas N., Ellul M.A. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(10):875–882.
    1. Nuzzo D., Picone P. Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection. Neurosci Res. 2020;158:1–5.
    1. Sterne J.A.C., Murthy S., Diaz J.V. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1–13.
    1. Gulart A.A., Silva I.J.C.S. Early prone position for COVID-19 patients with severe hypoxia: reduces the mortality but increases the intubation risk. Intensive Care Med. 2020:1–2.
    1. Zang X., Wang Q., Zhou H., Liu S., Xue X. COVID-19 Early Prone Position Study Group. Efficacy of early prone position for COVID-19 patients with severe hypoxia: a single-center prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(10):1927–1929.
    1. Golestani-Eraghi M., Mahmoodpoor A. Early application of prone position for management of Covid-19 patients. J Clin Anesth. 2020;66:109917.
    1. Food and Drug Administration Emergency use authorization for COVID-19 convalescent plasma, 2020. Accessed September 10, 2020.
    1. Raith E.P., Udy A.A., Bailey M. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017;317(3):290–300.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren