Effect of Tinnitus Retraining Therapy vs Standard of Care on Tinnitus-Related Quality of Life: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Importance: Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) is an internationally recognized, but controversial, protocol of uncertain efficacy that uses tinnitus-specific educational counseling (TC) and sound therapy (ST) to reduce the patient's tinnitus-evoked negative reaction to, and awareness of, tinnitus.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of TRT and its components, ST and TC, with the standard of care (SoC) in reducing the negative effect of tinnitus on quality of life.

Design, setting, and participants: A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase 3 trial was conducted from August 4, 2011, to June 20, 2017, at 6 US military hospitals, the study chairs' office, and a data coordinating center, among 151 active-duty and retired military personnel and dependents with functionally adequate hearing sensitivity and moderate to severe subjective tinnitus. All analyses were based on intention to treat.

Interventions: Central randomized allocation to TRT (TC and ST with conventional sound generators), partial TRT (TC with placebo sound generators), or SoC.

Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was mean change on the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ), assessed longitudinally between baseline and 18 months after start of therapy. The secondary outcomes were changes in TQ subscales, Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) total and subscales, as well as a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS).

Results: Among the 151 participants in the study (44 women and 107 men; mean [SD] age, 50.6 [11.3] years), 51 were randomized to receive TRT, 51 to receive partial TRT, and 49 to receive standard of care. Longitudinal analyses showed no difference between partial TRT or TRT compared with SoC, or partial TRT compared with TRT, on TQ, TFI, or THI total scores. Comparison of changes in mean score from baseline to the 18-month visit also showed no difference between treatment groups. Significant improvement was observed at 18 months in all treatment groups on TQ scores for TRT (effect size, -1.32; 95% CI, -1.78 to -0.85), partial TRT (effect size, -1.16; 95% CI, -1.56 to -0.76), and SoC (effect size, -1.01; 95% CI, -1.41 to -0.61). Compared with baseline scores, at 18 months there were reductions in scores by 7 points or more on the TQ score for 86 of 111 participants (77.55%; 95% CI, 69.7%-85.2%), 13 points or more on the TFI for 52 of 111 participants (46.8%; 95% CI, 37.6%-56.1%), 7 points or more on the THI for 63 of 111 participants (56.8%; 95% CI, 47.5%-66.0%), and 2 points or more on the VAS for 45 of 93 participants (48.4%; 95% CI, 38.2%-58.5%).

Conclusions and relevance: There were few differences between treatment groups. About half of participants showed clinically meaningful reductions in the effect of tinnitus.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01177137.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Scherer reported receiving grants from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders during the conduct of the study. Dr Formby reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders during the conduct of the study.

Figures

Figure.. CONSORT Flow Diagram

Numbers of study participants approached, enrolled, and followed up through 18 months. Ineligibility may be due to more than 1 reason. DoD indicates Department of Defense; SoC, standard of care; and TRT, tinnitus retraining therapy.