Early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic integrative review of definitions and activities

Catherine Clarissa, Lisa Salisbury, Sheila Rodgers, Susanne Kean, Catherine Clarissa, Lisa Salisbury, Sheila Rodgers, Susanne Kean

Abstract

Background: Mechanically ventilated patients often develop muscle weakness post-intensive care admission. Current evidence suggests that early mobilisation of these patients can be an effective intervention in improving their outcomes. However, what constitutes early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients (EM-MV) remains unclear. We aimed to systematically explore the definitions and activity types of EM-MV in the literature.

Methods: Whittemore and Knafl's framework guided this review. CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ASSIA, and Cochrane Library were searched to capture studies from 2000 to 2018, combined with hand search of grey literature and reference lists of included studies. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Data extraction and quality assessment of studies were performed independently by each reviewer before coming together in sub-groups for discussion and agreement. An inductive and data-driven thematic analysis was undertaken on verbatim extracts of EM-MV definitions and activities in included studies.

Results: Seventy-six studies were included from which four major themes were inferred: (1) non-standardised definition, (2) contextual factors, (3) negotiated process and (4) collaboration between patients and staff. The first theme indicates that EM-MV is either not fully defined in studies or when a definition is provided this is not standardised across studies. The remaining themes reflect the diversity of EM-MV activities which depends on patients' characteristics and ICU settings; the negotiated decision-making process between patients and staff; and their interdependent relationship during the implementation.

Conclusions: This review highlights the absence of an agreed definition and on what constitutes early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients. To advance research and practice an agreed and shared definition is a pre-requisite.

Keywords: Artificial respiration; Critical illness; Early ambulation; Early mobilisation; Humans; Integrative review; Intensive care unit; Mechanical ventilators; Rehabilitation; Review.

Conflict of interest statement

Not applicableNot applicableThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA flow diagram (PRISMA 2009)

References

    1. Vincent J-L, Creteur J. Paradigm shifts in critical care medicine: the progress we have made. Crit Care. 2015;19:S10.
    1. Adhikari NKJ, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S, Rubenfeld GD. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Lancet. 2010;376:1339–1346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60446-1.
    1. Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Muriel A, Ferguson ND, Peñuelas O, Abraira V, et al. Evolution of mortality over time in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:220–230. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201212-2169OC.
    1. Zimmerman JE, Kramer AA, Knaus WA. Changes in hospital mortality for United States intensive care unit admissions from 1988 to 2012. Crit Care. 2013;17:R81. doi: 10.1186/cc12695.
    1. Scottish Intensive Care Society Audit Group . Audit of critical care in Scotland 2017 reporting on 2016. 2017.
    1. Herridge MS. Introduction: life after the ICU. In: Stevens RD, Hart N, Herridge MS, editors. Textbook of post-ICU medicine: the legacy of critical care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. pp. 3–4.
    1. Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H, Hopkins RO, Weinert C, Wunsch H, et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:502–509. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318232da75.
    1. Harvey MA, Davidson JE. Postintensive care syndrome: right care, right now…and later. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:381–385. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001531.
    1. Kean S, Salisbury LG, Rattray J, Walsh TS, Huby G, Ramsay P. ‘Intensive care unit survivorship’ – a constructivist grounded theory of surviving critical illness. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26:3111–3124. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13659.
    1. Ågård AS, Lomborg K, Tønnesen E, Egerod I. Rehabilitation activities, out-patient visits and employment in patients and partners the first year after ICU: a descriptive study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2014;30:101–110. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.11.001.
    1. Griffiths J, Hatch RA, Bishop J, Morgan K, Jenkinson C, Cuthbertson BH, et al. An exploration of social and economic outcome and associated health-related quality of life after critical illness in general intensive care unit survivors: a 12-month follow-up study. Crit Care. 2013;17:R100. doi: 10.1186/cc12745.
    1. Kamdar BB, Sepulveda KA, Chong A, Lord RK, Dinglas VD, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al. Return to work and lost earnings after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a 5-year prospective, longitudinal study of long-term survivors. Thorax. 2018;73:125–133. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210217.
    1. Khandelwal N, Hough CL, Downey L, Engelberg RA, Carson SS, White DB, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of financial stress in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:e530–e539. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003076.
    1. Lone NI, Walsh TS. Prolonged mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: epidemiology, outcomes and modelling the potential cost consequences of establishing a regional weaning unit. Crit Care. 2011;15:R102. doi: 10.1186/cc10117.
    1. Wunsch H, Wagner J, Herlim M, Chong DH, Kramer AA, Halpern SD. ICU occupancy and mechanical ventilator use in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:2712–2719. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318298a139.
    1. Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matte A, Tomlinson G, Diaz-Granados N, Cooper A, et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1293–1304. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1011802.
    1. Stevens RD, Dowdy DW, Michaels RK, Mendez-Tellez PA, Pronovost PJ, Needham DM. Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1876–1891. doi: 10.1007/s00134-007-0772-2.
    1. Griffiths RD, Hall JB. Exploring intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(10 Suppl):S295. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b6f411.
    1. Griffiths RD, Hall JB. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:779–787. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4b53.
    1. Lipshutz AKM, Gropper MA. Acquired neuromuscular weakness and early mobilization in the intensive care unit. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:202–215. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31826be693.
    1. Hermans G, Van Mechelen H, Clerckx B, Vanhullebusch T, Mesotten D, Wilmer A, et al. Acute outcomes and 1-year mortality of intensive care unit-acquired weakness. A cohort study and propensity-matched analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:410–420. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2257OC.
    1. Latronico N, Piva S, McCredie V. Long-term implications of ICU-acquired muscle weakness. In: Stevens RD, Hart N, Herridge MS, editors. Textbook of post-ICU medicine: the legacy of critical care. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2014. pp. 259–268.
    1. Jung B, Moury PH, Mahul M, de Jong A, Galia F, Prades A, et al. Diaphragmatic dysfunction in patients with ICU-acquired weakness and its impact on extubation failure. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:853–861. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-4125-2.
    1. Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, Blair R, Jewkes J, Bezdjian L, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:139–145. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000251130.69568.87.
    1. Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1874–1882. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9.
    1. Pohlman MC, Schweickert WD, Pohlman AS, Nigos C, Pawlik AJ, Esbrook CL, et al. Feasibility of physical and occupational therapy beginning from initiation of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:2089–2094. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181f270c3.
    1. Hodgson CL, Stiller K, Needham DM, Tipping CJ, Harrold M, Baldwin CE, et al. Expert consensus and recommendations on safety criteria for active mobilization of mechanically ventilated critically ill adults. Crit Care. 2014;18:658. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0658-y.
    1. Major ME, Kwakman R, Kho ME, Connolly B, McWilliams D, Denehy L, et al. Surviving critical illness: what is next? An expert consensus statement on physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge Crit Care. 2016;20:354. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1508-x.
    1. Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52:546–553. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x.
    1. Torraco RJ. Writing integrative literature reviews: guidelines and examples. Hum Resour Dev Rev. 2005;4:356–367. doi: 10.1177/1534484305278283.
    1. PRISMA. PRISMA 2009 Flow Diagram. 2009. 2009 flow diagram.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2016.
    1. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) CASP CHECKLISTS. 2016.
    1. Dixon-Woods M, Agarwal S, Jones D, Young B, Sutton A. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. J Heal Serv Res Policy. 2005;10:45–53. doi: 10.1258/1355819052801804.
    1. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
    1. Harrold ME. Early mobilisation of mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care: implementation of practice change and benchmarking of practice. Perth: Curtin University; 2013.
    1. Davis J, Crawford K, Wierman H, Osgood W, Cavanaugh J, Smith KA, et al. Mobilization of ventilated older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2013;36:162–168. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0b013e31828836e7.
    1. Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Berney S, Buhr H, Denehy L, et al. A binational multicenter pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial of early goal-directed mobilization in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2016;44:1145–1152. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001643.
    1. Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez L, Hopkins RO. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1119–1124. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168f986.
    1. McWilliams D, Atkins G, Hodson J, Snelson C. The Sara Combilizer® as an early mobilisation aid for critically ill patients: a prospective before and after study. Aust Crit Care. 2017;30:189–195. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2016.09.001.
    1. McWilliams D, Jones C, Atkins G, Hodson J, Whitehouse T, Veenith T, et al. Earlier and enhanced rehabilitation of mechanically ventilated patients in critical care: a feasibility randomised controlled trial. J Crit Care. 2018;44:407–412. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.01.001.
    1. Bakhru RN, Wiebe DJ, McWilliams DJ, Spuhler VJ, Schweickert WD. An environmental scan for early mobilization practices in U.S. ICUs. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:2360–2369. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001262.
    1. Hickmann CE, Castanares-Zapatero D, Bialais E, Dugernier J, Tordeur A, Colmant L, et al. Teamwork enables high level of early mobilization in critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6:80. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0184-y.
    1. Jolley SE, Regan-Baggs J, Dickson RP, Hough CL. Medical intensive care unit clinician attitudes and perceived barriers towards early mobilization of critically ill patients: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:84. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-14-84.
    1. Weeks A, Campbell C, Rajendram P, Shi W, Voigt LP. A descriptive report of early mobilization for critically ill ventilated patients with cancer. Rehabil Oncol. 2017;35:144–150. doi: 10.1097/01.REO.0000000000000070.
    1. Patel BK, Pohlman AS, Hall JB, Kress JP. Impact of early mobilization on glycemic control and ICU-acquired weakness in critically ill patients who are mechanically ventilated. Chest. 2014;146:583–589. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-2046.
    1. Dantas CM, Silva PF, Siqueira FH, RMF P, Matias S, Maciel C, et al. Influence of early mobilization on respiratory and peripheral muscle strength in critically ill patients. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2012;24:173–178. doi: 10.1590/S0103-507X2012000200013.
    1. Ota H, Kawai H, Sato M, Ito K, Fujishima S, Suzuki H. Effect of early mobilization on discharge disposition of mechanically ventilated patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27:859–864. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.859.
    1. The TEAM Study Investigators Early mobilization and recovery in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU: a bi-national, multi-centre, prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19:81. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0765-4.
    1. Winkelman C, Johnson KD, Hejal R, Gordon NH, Rowbottom J, Daly J, et al. Examining the positive effects of exercise in intubated adults in ICU: a prospective repeated measures clinical study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2012;28:307–318. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2012.02.007.
    1. Curtis L, Irwin J. Ambulation of patients who are mechanically ventilated: nurses’ views. Nurs Manag. 2017;24:34–39. doi: 10.7748/nm.2017.e1599.
    1. Bahadur K, Jones G, Ntoumenopoulos G. An observational study of sitting out of bed in tracheostomised patients in the intensive care unit. Physiotherapy. 2008;94:300–305. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2008.08.003.
    1. Harrold ME, Salisbury LG, Webb SA, Allison GT. Early mobilisation in intensive care units in Australia and Scotland: a prospective, observational cohort study examining mobilisation practises and barriers. Crit Care. 2015;19:336. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-1033-3.
    1. Verceles AC, Wells CL, Sorkin JD, Terrin ML, Beans J, Jenkins T, et al. A multimodal rehabilitation program for patients with ICU acquired weakness improves ventilator weaning and discharge home. J Crit Care. 2018;47:204–210. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.006.
    1. Taito S, Shime N, Yasuda H, Ota K, Sarada K, Lefor AK, et al. Out-of-bed mobilization of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation with orotracheal tubes: a survey study. J Crit Care. 2018;47:173–177. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.06.022.
    1. Phelan S, Lin F, Mitchell M, Chaboyer W. Implementing early mobilisation in the intensive care unit: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;2018(77):91–105. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.09.019.
    1. Bakhru RN, McWilliams DJ, Wiebe DJ, Spuhler VJ, Schweickert WD. Intensive care unit structure variation and implications for early mobilization practices. An international survey. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13:1527–1537. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201601-078OC.
    1. Berney SC, Harrold M, Webb SA, Seppelt I, Patman S, Thomas PJ, et al. Intensive care unit mobility practices in Australia and New Zealand: a point prevalence study. Crit Care Resusc. 2013;15:260–265.
    1. Dinglas VD, Parker AM, Reddy DRS, Colantuoni E, Zanni JM, Turnbull AE, et al. A quality improvement project sustainably decreased time to onset of active physical therapy intervention in patients with acute lung injury. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11:1230–1238. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406-231OC.
    1. Li Z, Peng X, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Xi X. Active mobilization for mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:551–561. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.10.023.
    1. Dinglas VD, Colantuoni E, Ciesla N, Mendez-Tellez PA, Shanholtz C, Needham DM. Occupational therapy for patients with acute lung injury: factors associated with time to first intervention in the intensive care unit. Am J Occup Ther. 2013;67:355–362. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.007807.
    1. Holdsworth C, Haines KJ, Francis JJ, Marshall A, O’Connor D, Skinner EH. Mobilization of ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: an elicitation study using the theory of planned behavior. J Crit Care. 2015;30:1243–1250. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.08.010.
    1. Dunn H, Quinn L, Corbridge SJ, Eldeirawi K, Kapella M, Collins EG. Mobilization of prolonged mechanical ventilation patients: an integrative review. Hear Lung J Acute Crit Care. 2017;46:221–233. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.04.033.
    1. de Queiroz RS, Saquetto MB, Martinez BP, Andrade EA, da Silva PAMP, Gomes-Neto M. Evaluation of the description of active mobilisation protocols for mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Hear Lung. 2018;47:253–260. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.03.003.
    1. Bourdin G, Barbier J, Burle J-F, Durante G, Passant S, Vincent B, et al. The feasibility of early physical activity in intensive care unit patients: a prospective observational one-center study. Respir Care. 2010;55:400–407.
    1. Nydahl P, Ruhl AP, Bartoszek G, Dubb R, Filipovic S, Flohr H-J, et al. Early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients: a 1-day point-prevalence study in Germany. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1178–1186. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000149.
    1. McWilliams D, Weblin J, Atkins G, Bion J, Williams J, Elliott C, et al. Enhancing rehabilitation of mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: a quality improvement project. J Crit Care. 2015;30:13–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.018.
    1. Dong Z, Yu B, Sun Y, Fang W, Li L. Effects of early rehabilitation therapy on patients with mechanical ventilation. World J Emerg Med. 2014;5:48. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.01.008.
    1. Camargo Pires-Neto R, Lima NP, Cardim GM, Park M, Denehy L. Early mobilization practice in a single Brazilian intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2015;30:896–900. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.05.004.
    1. Skinner EH, Haines KJ, Berney S, Warrillow S, Harrold M, Denehy L. Usual care physiotherapy during acute hospitalization in subjects admitted to the ICU: an observational cohort study. Respir Care. 2015;60:1476–1485. doi: 10.4187/respcare.04064.
    1. Toccolini BF, Osaku EF, de Macedo Costa CRL, Teixeira SN, Costa NL, Cândia MF, et al. Passive orthostatism (tilt table) in critical patients: Clinicophysiologic evaluation. J Crit Care. 2015;30:655.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.12.018.
    1. Witcher R, Stoerger L, Dzierba AL, Silverstein A, Rosengart A, Brodie D, et al. Effect of early mobilization on sedation practices in the neurosciences intensive care unit: a preimplementation and postimplementation evaluation. J Crit Care. 2015;30:344–347. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.12.003.
    1. Chen S, Su C-L, Wu Y-T, Wang L-Y, Wu C-P, Wu H-D, et al. Physical training is beneficial to functional status and survival in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2011;110:572–579. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2011.07.008.
    1. Chiang L-L, Wang L-Y, Wu C-P, Wu H-D, Wu Y-T. Effects of physical training on functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Phys Ther. 2006;86:1271–1281. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20050036.
    1. Martin UJ, Hincapie L, Nimchuk M, Gaughan J, Criner GJ. Impact of whole-body rehabilitation in patients receiving chronic mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:2259–2265. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000181730.02238.9B.
    1. Clini EM, Crisafulli E, Antoni FD, Beneventi C, Trianni L, Costi S, et al. Functional recovery following physical training in tracheotomized and chronically ventilated patients. Respir Care. 2011;56:306–313. doi: 10.4187/respcare.00956.
    1. Berney SC, Rose JW, Bernhardt J, Denehy L. Prospective observation of physical activity in critically ill patients who were intubated for more than 48 hours. J Crit Care. 2015;30:658–663. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.006.
    1. Jolley SE, Moss M, Needham DM, Caldwell E, Morris PE, Miller RR, et al. Point prevalence study of mobilization practices for acute respiratory failure patients in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:205–215. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002058.
    1. Sibilla A, Nydahl P, Greco N, Mungo G, Ott N, Unger I, et al. Mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients in Switzerland. J Intensive Care Med. 2017:088506661772848. 10.1177/0885066617728486.
    1. Yang P-H, Wang C-S, Wang Y-C, Yang C-J, Hung J-Y, Hwang J-J, et al. Outcome of physical therapy intervention on ventilator weaning and functional status. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2010;26:366–372. doi: 10.1016/S1607-551X(10)70060-7.
    1. Sarfati C, Moore A, Pilorge C, Amaru P, Mendialdua P, Rodet E, et al. Efficacy of early passive tilting in minimizing ICU-acquired weakness: a randomized controlled trial. J Crit Care. 2018;46:37–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.03.031.
    1. Goddard SL, Lorencatto F, Koo E, Rose L, Fan E, Kho ME, et al. Barriers and facilitators to early rehabilitation in mechanically ventilated patients—a theory-driven interview study. J Intensive Care. 2018;6:4. doi: 10.1186/s40560-018-0273-0.
    1. Wright SE, Thomas K, Watson G, Baker C, Bryant A, Chadwick TJ, et al. Intensive versus standard physical rehabilitation therapy in the critically ill (EPICC): a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2017;73(3):213–221. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209858.
    1. Liu K, Ogura T, Takahashi K, Nakamura M, Ohtake H, Fujiduka K, et al. The safety of a novel early mobilization protocol conducted by ICU physicians: a prospective observational study. J Intensive Care. 2018;6:10. doi: 10.1186/s40560-018-0281-0.
    1. Morris PE, Berry MJ, Files DC, Thompson JC, Hauser J, Flores L, et al. Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure. JAMA. 2016;315:2694. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7201.
    1. Collings N, Cusack R. A repeated measures, randomised cross-over trial, comparing the acute exercise response between passive and active sitting in critically ill patients. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2253-15-1.
    1. Zanni JM, Korupolu R, Fan E, Pradhan P, Janjua K, Palmer JB, et al. Rehabilitation therapy and outcomes in acute respiratory failure: an observational pilot project. J Crit Care. 2010;25:254–262. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.10.010.
    1. Lai C-C, Chou W, Chan K-S, Cheng K-C, Yuan K-S, Chao C-M, et al. Early mobilization reduces duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay in patients with acute respiratory failure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98:931–939. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.11.007.
    1. Barber EA, Everard T, Holland AE, Tipping C, Bradley SJ, Hodgson CL. Barriers and facilitators to early mobilisation in intensive care: a qualitative study. Aust Crit Care. 2015;28:177–182. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2014.11.001.
    1. Morris PE, Berry MJ, Files DC, Thompson JC, Hauser J, Flores L, et al. Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2694–2702. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.7201.
    1. Medrinal C, Combret Y, Prieur G, Robledo Quesada A, Bonnevie T, Gravier FE, et al. Comparison of exercise intensity during four early rehabilitation techniques in sedated and ventilated patients in ICU: a randomised cross-over trial. Crit Care. 2018;22:1–8. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2030-0.
    1. Ringdal M, Warren Stomberg M, Egnell K, Wennberg E, Zätterman R, Rylander C. In-bed cycling in the ICU; patient safety and recollections with motivational effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018;62:658–665. doi: 10.1111/aas.13070.
    1. Camargo Pires-Neto R, Fogaça Kawaguchi YM, Sayuri Hirota A, Fu C, Tanaka C, Caruso P, et al. Very early passive cycling exercise in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: physiological and safety aspects - a case series. PLoS One. 2013;8:e74182. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074182.
    1. Dong Z, Yu B, Zhang Q, Pei H, Xing J, Fang W, et al. Early rehabilitation therapy is beneficial for patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Int Heart J. 2016;57:241–246. doi: 10.1536/ihj.15-316.
    1. Winkelman C, Sattar A, Momotaz H, Johnson KD, Morris P, Rowbottom JR, et al. Dose of early therapeutic mobility: does frequency or intensity matter. Biol Res Nurs. 2018;20:522–530. doi: 10.1177/1099800418780492.
    1. Kayambu G, Boots R, Paratz J. Early physical rehabilitation in intensive care patients with sepsis syndromes: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:865–874. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3763-8.
    1. Chen Y-H, Lin H-L, Hsiao H-F, Chou L-T, Kao K-C, Huang C-C, et al. Effects of exercise training on pulmonary mechanics and functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Respir Care. 2012;57:727–734. doi: 10.4187/respcare.01341.
    1. Nordon-Craft A, Schenkman M, Ridgeway K, Benson A, Moss M. Physical therapy management and patient outcomes following ICU-acquired weakness: a case series. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2011;35:133–140. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3182275905.
    1. Parry SM, Remedios L, Denehy L, Knight LD, Beach L, Rollinson TC, et al. What factors affect implementation of early rehabilitation into intensive care unit practice? A qualitative study with clinicians. J Crit Care. 2017;38:137–143. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.11.005.
    1. Williams N, Flynn M. An exploratory study of physiotherapists’ views of early rehabilitation in critically ill patients. Physiother Pract Res. 2013;34:93–102.
    1. Jolley SE, Dale CR, Hough CL. Hospital-level factors associated with report of physical activity in patients on mechanical ventilation across Washington State. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12:209–215. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201410-480OC.
    1. Schaller SJ, Anstey M, Blobner M, Edrich T, Grabitz SD, Gradwohl-Matis I, et al. Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388:1377–1388. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31637-3.
    1. Ronnebaum JA, Weir JP, Hilsabeck TA. Earlier mobilization decreases the length of stay in the intensive care unit. J Acute Care Phys Ther. 2013;3:204–210. doi: 10.1097/01592394-201303020-00005.
    1. Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, Pradhan P, Colantuoni E, Palmer JB, et al. Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: a quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:536–542. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.002.
    1. Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C, Taylor K, Harry B, Passmore L, et al. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:2238–2243. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180b90e.
    1. Malkoç M, Karadibak D, Yldrm Y. The effect of physiotherapy on ventilatory dependency and the length of stay in an intensive care unit. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009;32:85–88. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fc0fce.
    1. Mendez-Tellez PA, Dinglas VD, Colantuoni E, Ciesla N, Sevransky JE, Shanholtz C, et al. Factors associated with timing of initiation of physical therapy in patients with acute lung injury. J Crit Care. 2013;28:980–984. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.06.001.
    1. Skinner EH, Berney S, Warrillow S, Denehy L. Rehabilitation and exercise prescription in Australian intensive care units. Physiotherapy. 2008;94:220–229. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2007.11.004.
    1. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50:587–592. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.010.
    1. Glasziou P, Meats E, Heneghan C, Shepperd S. What is missing from descriptions of treatment in trials and reviews. BMJ. 2008;336:1472–1474. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39590.732037.47.
    1. Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. Int J Surg. 2014;12:1500–1524. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.014.
    1. Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia M, Budak M, Rothenberg P, et al. Rapid diuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1327–1335. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070447.
    1. Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, et al. Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:364–371. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201004-0670OC.
    1. Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M, Connolly B, Ratnayake G, Chan P, et al. Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness. JAMA. 2013;310:1591. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278481.
    1. Parry SM, El-Ansary D, Cartwright MS, Sarwal A, Berney S, Koopman R, et al. Ultrasonography in the intensive care setting can be used to detect changes in the quality and quantity of muscle and is related to muscle strength and function. J Crit Care. 2015;30:1151.e9–1151.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.05.024.
    1. Kitson A, Harvey G, McCormack B. Enabling the implementation of evidence based practice: a conceptual framework. Qual Saf Heal Care. 1998;7:149–158. doi: 10.1136/qshc.7.3.149.
    1. Eakin MN, Ugbah L, Arnautovic T, Parker AM, Needham DM. Implementing and sustaining an early rehabilitation program in a medical intensive care unit: a qualitative analysis. J Crit Care. 2015;30:698–704. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.03.019.
    1. Medical Research Council . Developing and evaluating complex interventions: new guidance. 2008.
    1. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2015;350(mar19 6):h1258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren