Prevalence of Inflammatory Heart Disease Among Professional Athletes With Prior COVID-19 Infection Who Received Systematic Return-to-Play Cardiac Screening

Abstract

Importance: The major North American professional sports leagues were among the first to return to full-scale sport activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Given the unknown incidence of adverse cardiac sequelae after COVID-19 infection in athletes, these leagues implemented a conservative return-to-play (RTP) cardiac testing program aligned with American College of Cardiology recommendations for all athletes testing positive for COVID-19.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of detectable inflammatory heart disease in professional athletes with prior COVID-19 infection, using current RTP screening recommendations.

Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study reviewed RTP cardiac testing performed between May and October 2020 on professional athletes who had tested positive for COVID-19. The professional sports leagues (Major League Soccer, Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, National Football League, and the men's and women's National Basketball Association) implemented mandatory cardiac screening requirements for all players who had tested positive for COVID-19 prior to resumption of team-organized sports activities.

Exposures: Troponin testing, electrocardiography (ECG), and resting echocardiography were performed after a positive COVID-19 test result. Interleague, deidentified cardiac data were pooled for collective analysis. Those with abnormal screening test results were referred for additional testing, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and/or stress echocardiography.

Main outcomes and measures: The prevalence of abnormal RTP test results potentially representing COVID-19-associated cardiac injury, and results and outcomes of additional testing generated by the initial screening process.

Results: The study included 789 professional athletes (mean [SD] age, 25 [3] years; 777 men [98.5%]). A total of 460 athletes (58.3%) had prior symptomatic COVID-19 illness, and 329 (41.7%) were asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic (minimally symptomatic). Testing was performed a mean (SD) of 19 (17) days (range, 3-156 days) after a positive test result. Abnormal screening results were identified in 30 athletes (3.8%; troponin, 6 athletes [0.8%]; ECG, 10 athletes [1.3%]; echocardiography, 20 athletes [2.5%]), necessitating additional testing; 5 athletes (0.6%) ultimately had cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings suggesting inflammatory heart disease (myocarditis, 3; pericarditis, 2) that resulted in restriction from play. No adverse cardiac events occurred in athletes who underwent cardiac screening and resumed professional sport participation.

Conclusions and relevance: This study provides large-scale data assessing the prevalence of relevant COVID-19-associated cardiac pathology with implementation of current RTP screening recommendations. While long-term follow-up is ongoing, few cases of inflammatory heart disease have been detected, and a safe return to professional sports activity has thus far been achieved.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Martinez reported personal fees from Major League Soccer as a consultant during the conduct of the study. Dr Green reported employment by Major League Baseball as a medical and research director. Dr DiFiori reported serving as a paid consultant for the National Basketball Association. Dr Solomon reported personal fees from National Football League during the conduct of the study and personal fees from the Nashville Predators and fees paid to a prior employer (Vanderbilt University Medical Center) from the Tennessee Titans outside the submitted work. Dr Kim reported compensation for his role as the team cardiologist for the Atlanta Falcons. Dr Meeuwisse reported serving as a chief medical officer employed by the National Hockey League. Dr Sills reported being a salaried employee of the National Football League during the conduct of the study. Dr Bogoch reported personal fees from BlueDot, a social benefit corporation that tracks the spread of emerging infectious diseases, and the National Hockey League Players’ Association during the conduct of the study. Dr Baggish reported receiving funding from the National Institute of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Football League Players Association, and the American Heart Association and receives compensation for his role as team cardiologist from the US Olympic Committee/US Olympic Training Centers, US Soccer, US Rowing, the New England Patriots, the Boston Bruins, the New England Revolution, and Harvard University. Dr Putukian reported serving as a consultant and chief medical officer for Major League Soccer. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure.. Flow Diagram of the Systematic Return-to-Play Cardiac Screening Process Used for Professional Athletes Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Thirty of 789 athletes (3.8%) had abnormal cardiac screening test results necessitating additional evaluation and downstream testing; 5 athletes (0.6%) were detected to have findings raising concern for COVID-19–associated inflammatory heart disease that resulted in restriction from sport participation per American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines. ECG indicates electrocardiogram; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram.