Daily Intake of Fermented Milk Containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (Lcs) Modulates Systemic and Upper Airways Immune/Inflammatory Responses in Marathon Runners

Mauro Vaisberg, Vitoria Paixão, Ewin B Almeida, Juliana M B Santos, Roberta Foster, Marcelo Rossi, Tania C Pithon-Curi, Renata Gorjão, Cesar M Momesso, Marília S Andrade, José R Araujo, Maurício C Garcia, Moises Cohen, Elisabeth C Perez, Alana Santos-Dias, Rodolfo P Vieira, André L L Bachi, Mauro Vaisberg, Vitoria Paixão, Ewin B Almeida, Juliana M B Santos, Roberta Foster, Marcelo Rossi, Tania C Pithon-Curi, Renata Gorjão, Cesar M Momesso, Marília S Andrade, José R Araujo, Maurício C Garcia, Moises Cohen, Elisabeth C Perez, Alana Santos-Dias, Rodolfo P Vieira, André L L Bachi

Abstract

Background: Although Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) can benefit the immune status, the effects of LcS in the immune/inflammatory responses of marathon runners has never been evaluated. Therefore, here we evaluated the effect of daily ingestion of fermented milk containing or not LcS in the systemic and upper airway immune/inflammatory responses before and after a marathon.

Methods: Forty-two male marathon runners ingested a fermented milk containing 40 billion of LcS/day (LcS group, n = 20) or placebo (unfermented milk, n = 22) during 30 days pre-marathon. Immune/inflammatory parameters in nasal mucosa and serum, as well as concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) and antimicrobial peptides in saliva, were evaluated before and after fermented milk ingestion, immediately, 72 h, and 14 d post-marathon.

Results: Higher proinflammatory cytokine levels in serum and nasal mucosa, and also lower salivary levels of SIgA and antimicrobial peptides, were found immediately post-marathon in the placebo group compared to other time points and to LcS group. In opposite, higher anti-inflammatory levels and reduced neutrophil infiltration on nasal mucosa were found in the LcS group compared to other time points and to the placebo group.

Conclusion: For the first time, it is shown that LcS is able to modulate the systemic and airways immune responses post-marathon.

Keywords: antimicrobial peptides; cytokines; neutrophil infiltration; probiotics; secretory immunoglobulin A.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Experimental design.
Figure 3
Figure 3
LcS maintain salivary immune protection after the marathon. Salivary concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA, g/mL, (A) and the antimicrobial peptides defensing-1 (ng/mL (B), lysozyme (ng/mL (C), cathelicidin LL-37 (ng/mL (D), and lactoferrin (g/mL (E) in the volunteers of the placebo and LcS groups at five different occasions: before (Pre) and 30 days after the ingestion of the fermented milk containing or not containing LcS (Post-ingestion); immediately (IM); 72 hours (72 h) and 14 days (14 d) after the marathon ends. Values are presented in the median with the respective quartiles. The risk value was set at 5% (p < 0.05). * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.
Figure 4
Figure 4
LcS increase anti-inflammatory response on the upper airways after the marathon. Concentration (pg/mg of total protein) of IL-1β (A), IL-1ra (B), IL-4 (C), IL-5 (D), IL-6 (E), IL-10 (F), IL-12p70 (G), IL-13 (H), and TNF- (I) in nasal mucosal lavage of the volunteers in the placebo and LcS groups at five different occasions: before (Pre) and 30 days after the ingestion of the fermented milk containing or not containing LcS (Post-ingestion); immediately (IM); 72 hours (72 h) and 14 days (14 d) after the marathon ends. Values are presented in median with the respective quartiles. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.
Figure 5
Figure 5
LcS increase systemic IL-12p70 levels after the marathon Serum concentration (pg/mL) of IL-1β (A), IL-1ra (B), IL-4 (C), IL-5 (D), IL-6 (E), IL-10 (F), IL-12p70 (G), IL-13 (H), and TNF- (I) in the placebo and LcS groups at five different occasions: before (Pre) and 30 days after the ingestion of the fermented milk containing or not containing LcS (Post-ingestion); immediately (IM); 72 hours (72 h) and 14 days (14 d) after the marathon. Values are presented in median with the respective quartiles. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.

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