Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis

Ashley Bryce, Alastair D Hay, Isabel F Lane, Hannah V Thornton, Mandy Wootton, Céire Costelloe, Ashley Bryce, Alastair D Hay, Isabel F Lane, Hannah V Thornton, Mandy Wootton, Céire Costelloe

Abstract

Objectives: To systematically review studies investigating the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli in children and, when appropriate, to meta-analyse the relation between previous antibiotics prescribed in primary care and resistance.

Design and data analysis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled percentage prevalence of resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics in children in primary care, stratified by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) status of the study country. Random effects meta-analysis was used to quantify the association between previous exposure to antibiotics in primary care and resistance.

Data sources: Observational and experimental studies identified through Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases, searched for articles published up to October 2015.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Studies were eligible if they investigated and reported resistance in community acquired urinary tract infection in children and young people aged 0-17. Electronic searches with MeSH terms and text words identified 3115 papers. Two independent reviewers assessed study quality and performed data extraction.

Results: 58 observational studies investigated 77,783 E coli isolates in urine. In studies from OECD countries, the pooled prevalence of resistance was 53.4% (95% confidence interval 46.0% to 60.8%) for ampicillin, 23.6% (13.9% to 32.3%) for trimethoprim, 8.2% (7.9% to 9.6%) for co-amoxiclav, and 2.1% (0.8 to 4.4%) for ciprofloxacin; nitrofurantoin was the lowest at 1.3% (0.8% to 1.7%). Resistance in studies in countries outside the OECD was significantly higher: 79.8% (73.0% to 87.7%) for ampicillin, 60.3% (40.9% to 79.0%) for co-amoxiclav, 26.8% (11.1% to 43.0%) for ciprofloxacin, and 17.0% (9.8% to 24.2%) for nitrofurantoin. There was evidence that bacterial isolates from the urinary tract from individual children who had received previous prescriptions for antibiotics in primary care were more likely to be resistant to antibiotics, and this increased risk could persist for up to six months (odds ratio 13.23, 95% confidence interval 7.84 to 22.31).

Conclusions: Prevalence of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in primary care in children with urinary tract infections caused by E coli is high, particularly in countries outside the OECD, where one possible explanation is the availability of antibiotics over the counter. This could render some antibiotics ineffective as first line treatments for urinary tract infection. Routine use of antibiotics in primary care contributes to antimicrobial resistance in children, which can persist for up to six months after treatment.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Figures

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4793155/bin/brya027820.f1_default.jpg
Fig 1 Data search and extraction (PRISMA flow chart)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4793155/bin/brya027820.f2_default.jpg
Fig 2 Geographical distribution of urinary E coli resistance prevalence to ampicillin (%) by OECD and non-OECD countries, with number of included studies per country in parentheses)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4793155/bin/brya027820.f3_default.jpg
Fig 3 Pooled crude odds ratios (log scale) for resistance in children’s urinary bacteria and previous exposure to any antibiotic. Studies grouped according to time period after antibiotic use during which exposure was measured and ordered within each time period by increasing standard error
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4793155/bin/brya027820.f4_default.jpg
Fig 4 Individual crude multilevel odds ratios for trimethoprim resistance in urinary isolates of children from Duffy and colleagues and previous trimethoprim prescribing

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