Early life Triclosan exposure and child adiposity at 8 Years of age: a prospective cohort study

Geetika Kalloo, Antonia M Calafat, Aimin Chen, Kimberly Yolton, Bruce P Lanphear, Joseph M Braun, Geetika Kalloo, Antonia M Calafat, Aimin Chen, Kimberly Yolton, Bruce P Lanphear, Joseph M Braun

Abstract

Background: Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent that may affect the gut microbiome and endocrine system to influence adiposity. However, little data from prospective studies examining prenatal and childhood exposures exist. We investigated the relationship between multiple, prospective early life measure of triclosan exposure and child adiposity. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 220 mother-child pairs from Cincinnati, OH (enrolled 2003-2006), we quantified triclosan in urine samples collected twice during pregnancy, annually from 1 to 5 years of age, and once at 8 years. We assessed child adiposity at age 8 years using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and bioelectric impedance. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations of child adiposity with a 10-fold increase in average prenatal, average early childhood (average of 1-5 years), and 8-year triclosan concentrations.

Results: Among all children, there was no association between triclosan and child adiposity. While urinary triclosan concentrations at all three time periods were weakly, imprecisely, and inversely associated with all three measures of adiposity among girls, these associations did not differ significantly from those in boys (sex x triclosan p-values> 0.35). Among girls, the strongest associations were generally observed for prenatal triclosan when we adjusted for all three triclosan concentrations and covariates in the same model; BMI z-score (β: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.42, 0.15), waist circumference (β: - 1.7 cm; 95% CI: -4.2, 0.7), and percent body fat (β :-0.6; 95% CI: -2.7, 1.3). In contrast, the associations between triclosan concentrations and adiposity measures were inconsistent among boys.

Conclusion: We did not observe evidence of an association of repeated urinary triclosan concentrations during pregnancy and childhood with measures of child adiposity at age 8 years in this cohort.

Keywords: Adiposity; Endocrine disruptors; Environmental exposures; Prenatal exposure; Triclosan.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Written informed consent was provided by all women for themselves and their children. The institutional review boards (IRB) of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), the hospitals at which the children were delivered, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) approved this study protocol. The IRB at Brown University relinquished authority to the CCHMC IRB through an Interagency Agreement.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Urinary triclosan concentrations during three developmental periods among women and children from the HOME Studya,b. Whiskers represent the minimum and maximum, and the box edges represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, the line in the box is the median and the diamond is the arithmetic mean. The median prenatal triclosan concentrations are higher than triclosan concentrations during either early childhood or 8 years of age. aPrenatal triclosan concentrations derived from the mean of the 16-week and 26-week urinary triclosan concentrations. Early childhood triclosan concentrations derived from the mean of urinary triclosan concentrations taken annually from 1 to 5 years of age and eight year triclosan concentrations were taken concurrently at the time of adiposity measurement. All urinary triclosan concentrations are creatinine standardized. bThe minimum for all urinary triclosan concentrations was set to LOD/sqrt(2)

References

    1. CDC: Obesity Prevention | Healthy Schools | CDC. 2015.
    1. Gupta N, Goel K, Shah P, Misra A. Childhood obesity in developing countries: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Endocr Rev. 2012;33(1):48–70. doi: 10.1210/er.2010-0028.
    1. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet. 2002;360(9331):473–482. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09678-2.
    1. Romano ME, Savitz DA, Braun JM. Challenges and future directions to evaluating the association between prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and childhood obesity. Curr epidemiol rep. 2014;1(2):57–66. doi: 10.1007/s40471-014-0007-3.
    1. Grun F, Blumberg B. Minireview: the case for obesogens. Mol endocrinol. 2009;23(8):1127–1134. doi: 10.1210/me.2008-0485.
    1. Ginsberg GL, Balk SJ. Consumer products as sources of chemical exposures to children: case study of triclosan. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016;28:235–242. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000329.
    1. Koeppe ES, Ferguson KK, Colacino JA, Meeker JD. Relationship between urinary Triclosan and paraben concentrations and serum thyroid measures in NHANES 2007–2008. Sci Total Environ. 2013;445-446:299–305. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.052.
    1. Woodruff TJ, Zota AR, Schwartz JM. Environmental chemicals in pregnant women in the United States: NHANES 2003-2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(6):878–885. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002727.
    1. Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong LY, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Urinary concentrations of triclosan in the U.S. population: 2003-2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(3):303–307. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10768.
    1. Parekh PJ, Balart LA, Johnson DA. The influence of the gut microbiome on obesity, metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2015;6(6):e91. doi: 10.1038/ctg.2015.16.
    1. Narrowe AB, Albuthi-Lantz M, Smith EP, Bower KJ, Roane TM, Vajda AM, Miller CS. Perturbation and restoration of the fathead minnow gut microbiome after low-level triclosan exposure. Microbiome. 2015;3:6. doi: 10.1186/s40168-015-0069-6.
    1. Poole AC, Pischel L, Ley C, Suh G, Goodrich JK, Haggerty TD, Ley RE, Parsonnet J. Crossover control study of the effect of personal care products containing Triclosan on the microbiome. mSphere. 2016;1(3):1–10.
    1. Paul KB, Hedge JM, DeVito MJ, Crofton KM. Short-term exposure to Triclosan decreases thyroxine in vivo via upregulation of hepatic catabolism in young long-Evans rats. Toxicol Sci. 2010;113(2):367–379. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp271.
    1. Godoy GA, Korevaar TI, Peeters RP, Hofman A, de Rijke YB, Bongers-Schokking JJ, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VW, Gaillard R. Maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, childhood adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors: the generation R study. Clin Endocrinol. 2014;81(1):117–125. doi: 10.1111/cen.12399.
    1. Biondi B: Thyroid and Obesity: An Intriguing Relationship. http://dxdoiorg/101210/jc2010-1245 2011.
    1. Fox CS, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Murabito JM, Seely EW, Pearce EN, Vasan RS. Relations of thyroid function to body weight: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in a community-based sample. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(6):587–592. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.6.587.
    1. Buser MC, Murray HE, Scinicariello F. Association of urinary phenols with increased body weight measures and obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2014;165(4):744–749. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.039.
    1. Geens T, Dirtu AC, Dirinck E, Malarvannan G, Van Gaal L, Jorens PG, Covaci A. Daily intake of bisphenol a and triclosan and their association with anthropometric data, thyroid hormones and weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. Environ Int. 2015;76:98–105. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.003.
    1. Li S, Zhao J, Wang G, Zhu Y, Rabito F, Krousel-Wood M, Chen W, Whelton PK. Urinary triclosan concentrations are inversely associated with body mass index and waist circumference in the US general population: experience in NHANES 2003-2010. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015;218(4):401–406. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.004.
    1. Xue J, Wu Q, Sakthivel S, Pavithran PV, Vasukutty JR, Kannan K. Urinary levels of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including bisphenols, bisphenol a diglycidyl ethers, benzophenones, parabens, and triclosan in obese and non-obese Indian children. Environ Res. 2014;137:120–128. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.007.
    1. Lankester J, Patel C, Cullen MR, Ley C, Parsonnet J. Urinary Triclosan is associated with elevated body mass index in NHANES. PLoS One. 2013;8:e80057. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080057.
    1. Buckley JP, Herring AH, Wolff MS, Calafat AM, Engel SM. Prenatal exposure to environmental phenols and childhood fat mass in the Mount Sinai Children's environmental health study. Environ Int. 2016;91:350–356. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.019.
    1. Philippat C, Botton J, Calafat AM, Ye X, Charles MA, Slama R. Prenatal exposure to phenols and growth in boys. Epidemiology. 2014;25(5):625–635. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000132.
    1. Braun JM, Kalloo G, Chen A, Dietrich KN, Liddy-Hicks S, Morgan S, Xu Y, Yolton K, Lanphear BP. Cohort Profile: The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) study. 2016;(46):24a–24i.
    1. Ye X, Kuklenyik Z, Needham LL, Calafat AM. Automated on-line column-switching HPLC-MS/MS method with peak focusing for the determination of nine environmental phenols in urine. Anal Chem. 2005;77(16):5407–5413. doi: 10.1021/ac050390d.
    1. Hornung RW, Reed LD: Estimation of Average Concentration in the Presence of Nondetectable Values. http://dxdoiorg/101080/1047322X19901038958 1990.
    1. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Natl Center Health Stat. 2000;(246):1–190.
    1. Boeke CE, Oken E, Kleinman KP, Rifas-Shiman SL, Taveras EM, Gillman MW. Correlations among adiposity measures in school-aged children. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:99. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-99.
    1. Braun JM, Daniels JL, Poole C, Olshan AF, Hornung R, Bernert JT, Xia Y, Bearer C, Barr DB, Lanphear BP. A prospective cohort study of biomarkers of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure: the correlation between serum and meconium and their association with infant birth weight. Environ health. 2010;9:53.
    1. Rosner B. On the estimation and testing of interclass correlations: the general Case of multiple replicates for each variable. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(4):722–730. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113455.
    1. Desquilbet L, Mariotti F. Dose-response analyses using restricted cubic spline functions in public health research. Stat Med. 2010;29(9):1037–1057.
    1. Braun JM. Early-life exposure to EDCs: role in childhood obesity and neurodevelopment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;13(3):161–173. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.186.
    1. Buckley JP, Doherty BT, Keil AP, Engel SM. Statistical approaches for estimating sex-specific effects in endocrine disruptors research. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(6):067013. doi: 10.1289/EHP334.
    1. Rothman KJGSLTL. Modern epidemiology: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2008.
    1. Pereira-Freire JA, Lemos JO, de Sousa AF, Meneses CC, Rondo PH. Association between weight at birth and body composition in childhood: a Brazilian cohort study. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91(8):445–449. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.05.004.
    1. Kajantie MS-L, Marja V, Marjaana T, Hanna-Maria M, Satu M, Petteri H, Karoliina W, Aimo R, Jouko S, Anneli P, et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults who were born preterm. 2015.
    1. Vuong AM, Braun JM, Sjodin A, Webster GM, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Prenatal Polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure and body mass index in children up to 8 years of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(12):1891–1897. doi: 10.1289/EHP139.
    1. Braun JM, Lanphear BP, Calafat AM, Deria S, Khoury J, Howe CJ, Venners SA. Early-life bisphenol a exposure and child body mass index: a prospective cohort study. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(11):1239–1245.
    1. Braun JM, Chen A, Romano ME, Calafat AM, Webster GM, Yolton K, Lanphear BP. Prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and child adiposity at 8 years of age: the HOME study. Obesity. 2015;24(1):231–237. doi: 10.1002/oby.21258.
    1. O'Brien KM, Upson K, Cook NR, Weinberg CR. Environmental Chemicals in Urine and Blood: improving methods for creatinine and lipid adjustment. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;124(2):220–227.
    1. DeSalva SJ, Kong BM, Lin YJ. Triclosan: a safety profile. Am J Dent. 1989;2 Spec No:185–196.
    1. Sandborgh-Englund G, Adolfsson-Erici M, Odham G, Ekstrand J. Pharmacokinetics of triclosan following oral ingestion in humans. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2006;69(20):1861–1873. doi: 10.1080/15287390600631706.
    1. Mortensen ME, Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong LY, Wright DJ, Pirkle JL, Merrill LS, Moye J. Urinary concentrations of environmental phenols in pregnant women in a pilot study of the National Children's study. Environ Res. 2014;129:32–38. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.12.004.
    1. Philippat C, Wolff MS, Calafat AM, Ye X, Bausell R, Meadows M, Stone J, Slama R, Engel SM. Prenatal exposure to environmental phenols: concentrations in amniotic fluid and variability in urinary concentrations during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(10):1225–1231.
    1. Cole SR, Chu H, Nie L, Schisterman EF. Estimating the odds ratio when exposure has a limit of detection. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(6):1674–1680. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp269.
    1. Eisenmann JC, Heelan KA, Welk GJ, et al. Assessing body composition among 3- to 8-year-old children: anthropometry, BIA, and DXA. Obes Res. 2016;12(10):1633–1640. doi: 10.1038/oby.2004.203.
    1. Shim JS, Oh K, Kim HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014009. doi: 10.4178/epih/e2014009.
    1. Johnson PI, Koustas E, Vesterinen HM, Sutton P, Atchley DS, Kim AN, Campbell M, Donald JM, Sen S, Bero L, et al. Application of the navigation guide systematic review methodology to the evidence for developmental and reproductive toxicity of triclosan. Environ Int. 2016;92-93:716–728. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.009.
    1. Braun JM, Chen A, Hoofnagle A, Papandonatos GD, Jackson-Browne M, Hauser R, Romano ME, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Thomas Zoeller R, et al. Associations of early life urinary triclosan concentrations with maternal, neonatal, and child thyroid hormone levels. Horm Behav. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]
    1. Wang X, Ouyang F, Feng L, Liu Z, Zhang J. Maternal urinary Triclosan concentration in relation to maternal and neonatal thyroid hormone levels: a prospective study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(6):067017. doi: 10.1289/EHP500.
    1. Ley C, Pischel L, Parsonnet J. Triclosan and triclocarban exposure and thyroid function during pregnancy-a randomized intervention. Reprod toxicol. 2017;74:143–149. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.005.
    1. Ribado JV, Ley C, Haggerty TD, Tkachenko E, Bhatt AS, Parsonnet J. Household triclosan and triclocarban effects on the infant and maternal microbiome. EMBO mol med. 2017;9(12):1732–1741. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201707882.
    1. Barlow GM, Yu A, Mathur R. Role of the gut microbiome in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30(6):787–797. doi: 10.1177/0884533615609896.
    1. Krajmalnik-Brown R, Ilhan ZE, Kang DW, DiBaise JK. Effects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27(2):201–214. doi: 10.1177/0884533611436116.
    1. Le TN, Celi FS, Wickham EP., 3rd Thyrotropin levels are associated with Cardiometabolic risk factors in Euthyroid adolescents. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1441–1449. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0055.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren