Effects of kinesiotaping added to a rehabilitation programme for patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: protocol for a single-blind, randomised controlled trial addressing symptoms, functional limitations and underlying deficits

Fábio Carlos Lucas de Oliveira, Benoît Pairot de Fontenay, Laurent Julien Bouyer, François Desmeules, Jean-Sébastien Roy, Fábio Carlos Lucas de Oliveira, Benoît Pairot de Fontenay, Laurent Julien Bouyer, François Desmeules, Jean-Sébastien Roy

Abstract

Introduction: Rotator cuff tendinopathy (RCTe) is the most frequent cause of shoulder pain, resulting in considerable losses to society and public resources. Muscle imbalance and inadequate sensorimotor control are deficits often associated with RCTe. Kinesiotaping (KT) is widely used by clinicians for rehabilitation of RCTe. While previous studies have examined the immediate effects of KT on shoulder injuries or the effects of KT as an isolated method of treatment, no published study has addressed its mid-term and long-term effects when combined with a rehabilitation programme for patients with RCTe. The primary objective of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) will be to assess the efficacy of therapeutic KT, added to a rehabilitation programme, in reducing pain and disabilities in individuals with RCTe. Secondary objectives will look at the effects of KT on the underlying factors involved in shoulder control, such as muscular activity, acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and range of motion (ROM).

Methods and analysis: A single-blind RCT will be conducted. Fifty-two participants, randomly allocated to one of two groups (KT or no-KT), will take part in a 6-week rehabilitation programme. The KT group will receive KT added to the rehabilitation programme, whereas the no-KT group will receive only the rehabilitation programme. Measurements will be taken at baseline, week 3, week 6, week 12 and 6 months. Primary outcomes will be symptoms and functional limitations assessed by the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. Secondary outcomes will include shoulder ROM, AHD at rest and at 60° of abduction, and muscle activation during arm elevation. The added effects of KT will be assessed through a two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures.

Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Quebec Rehabilitation Institute of the Centre Integrated University Health and Social Services. Results will be disseminated through international publications in peer-reviewed journals, in addition to international conference presentations.

Trial registration number: Protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02881021) on 25 August 2016. The WHO Trial Registration Data Set can also be found as an online supplementary file.

Keywords: elastic tape; kinesiology taping; physiotherapy; rotator cuff; shoulder pain; tendon injuries.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the study design. BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; DASH, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire; EMG, electromyography; IMU, inertial measurement unit; KT, kinesiotaping; RC, rotator cuff; WORC, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Kinesiotaping application. First strip (1: Y-shape surrounding deltoid muscles), second strip (2: I-shape in functional correction for multiaxial shoulder instability over the glenohumeral joint, supraspinatus, trapezius and middle deltoid muscles) and third strip (3: I-shape in mechanical correction for glenohumeral joint).

References

    1. Struyf F, Geraets J, Noten S, et al. . A multivariable prediction model for the chronification of non-traumatic shoulder pain: a systematic review. Pain Physician 2016;19:1–10.
    1. Luime JJ, Koes BW, Hendriksen IJ, et al. . Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population; a systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol 2004;33:73–81. 10.1080/03009740310004667
    1. Peek AL, Miller C, Heneghan NR. Thoracic manual therapy in the management of non-specific shoulder pain: a systematic review. J Man Manip Ther 2015;23:176–87. 10.1179/2042618615Y.0000000003
    1. Chard MD, Hazleman R, Hazleman BL, et al. . Shoulder disorders in the elderly: a community survey. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:766–9. 10.1002/art.1780340619
    1. van der Windt DA, Koes BW, de Jong BA, et al. . Shoulder disorders in general practice: incidence, patient characteristics, and management. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54:959–64. 10.1136/ard.54.12.959
    1. van der Windt DA, Koes BW, Boeke AJ, et al. . Shoulder disorders in general practice: prognostic indicators of outcome. Br J Gen Pract 1996;46:519–23.
    1. Andres BM, Murrell GA. Treatment of tendinopathy: what works, what does not, and what is on the horizon. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008;466:1539–54. 10.1007/s11999-008-0260-1
    1. Desmeules F, Boudreault J, Roy JS, et al. . The efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound for rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2015;16:276–84. 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.09.004
    1. Hanratty CE, McVeigh JG, Kerr DP, et al. . The effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises in subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012;42:297–316. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.015
    1. Littlewood C, Ashton J, Chance-Larsen K, et al. . Exercise for rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review. Physiotherapy 2012;98:101–9. 10.1016/j.physio.2011.08.002
    1. van der Heijden GJ. Shoulder disorders: a state-of-the-art review. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1999;13:287–309. 10.1053/berh.1999.0021
    1. Bigliani LU, Levine WN. Subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79:1854–68.
    1. Neer CS. Impingement lesions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983;173:70–7.
    1. Frizziero A, Vittadini F, Gasparre G, et al. . Impact of oestrogen deficiency and aging on tendon: concise review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2014;4:324–8. 10.11138/mltj/2014.4.3.324
    1. Oliva F, Piccirilli E, Berardi AC, et al. . Hormones and tendinopathies: the current evidence. Br Med Bull 2016;117:39–58. 10.1093/bmb/ldv054
    1. de Witte PB, Nagels J, van Arkel ER, et al. . Study protocol subacromial impingement syndrome: the identification of pathophysiologic mechanisms (SISTIM). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011;12:282 10.1186/1471-2474-12-282
    1. Lopes AD, Timmons MK, Grover M, et al. . Visual scapular dyskinesis: kinematics and muscle activity alterations in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015;96:298–306. 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.029
    1. Ludewig PM, Cook TM. Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Phys Ther 2000;80:276–91.
    1. McClure PW, Michener LA, Karduna AR. Shoulder function and 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in people with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. Phys Ther 2006;86:1075–90.
    1. Michener LA, McClure PW, Karduna AR. Anatomical and biomechanical mechanisms of subacromial impingement syndrome. Clin Biomech 2003;18:369–79. 10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00047-0
    1. Seitz AL, McClure PW, Finucane S, et al. . Mechanisms of rotator cuff tendinopathy: Intrinsic, extrinsic, or both? Clin Biomech 2011;26:1–12. 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.001
    1. de Oliveira FCL, Bouyer LJ, Ager AL, et al. . Electromyographic analysis of rotator cuff muscles in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017;35:100–14. 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.06.002
    1. Umer M, Qadir I, Azam M. Subacromial impingement syndrome. Orthop Rev 2012;4:18 10.4081/or.2012.e18
    1. Myers JB, Hwang JH, Pasquale MR, et al. . Rotator cuff coactivation ratios in participants with subacromial impingement syndrome. J Sci Med Sport 2009;12:603–8. 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.06.003
    1. Myers JB, Wassinger CA, Lephart SM. Sensorimotor contribution to shoulder stability: effect of injury and rehabilitation. Man Ther 2006;11:197–201. 10.1016/j.math.2006.04.002
    1. Zanca GG, Grüninger B, Mattiello SM. Effects of kinesio taping on scapular kinematics of overhead athletes following muscle fatigue. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016;29:113–20. 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.06.005
    1. Djordjevic OC, Vukicevic D, Katunac L, et al. . Mobilization with movement and kinesiotaping compared with a supervised exercise program for painful shoulder: results of a clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2012;35:454–63. 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.07.006
    1. Kaya Karas O, Turker D, Karayazgan S, et al. . The effects of Kinesio Taping® on activity and participation in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: Two blind-randomized control trials. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014;56:63–4.
    1. Şimşek HH, Balki S, Keklik SS, et al. . Does Kinesio taping in addition to exercise therapy improve the outcomes in subacromial impingement syndrome? A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2013;47:104–10.
    1. Savoie A, Mercier C, Desmeules F, et al. . Effects of a movement training oriented rehabilitation program on symptoms, functional limitations and acromiohumeral distance in individuals with subacromial pain syndrome. Man Ther 2015;20:703–8. 10.1016/j.math.2015.04.004
    1. Roy JS, MacDermid JC, Woodhouse LJ. Measuring shoulder function: a systematic review of four questionnaires. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:623–32. 10.1002/art.24396
    1. Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Burnet EN. Effectiveness of rehabilitation for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review. J Hand Ther 2004;17:152–64. 10.1197/j.jht.2004.02.004
    1. Tate AR, McClure PW, Young IA, et al. . Comprehensive impairment-based exercise and manual therapy intervention for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40:474–93. 10.2519/jospt.2010.3223
    1. Mottram SL. Dynamic stability of the scapula. Man Ther 1997;2:123–31. 10.1054/math.1997.0292
    1. Cubała A, Śniegocki M, Hoffman J, et al. . Use of the kinesio taping method in painful shoulder syndrome. Medical and Biological Sciences 2012;26:71–6. 10.2478/v10251-012-0073-z
    1. Aguilar-Ferrándiz ME, Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. . A randomized controlled trial of a mixed Kinesio taping-compression technique on venous symptoms, pain, peripheral venous flow, clinical severity and overall health status in postmenopausal women with chronic venous insufficiency. Clin Rehabil 2014;28:69–81. 10.1177/0269215512469120
    1. Kase K, Wallis J, Kase T. Clinical therapeutic applications of the Kinesio taping method. 1st edn Tokyo., 2003.
    1. Drouin JL, McAlpine CT, Primak KA, et al. . The effects of kinesiotape on athletic-based performance outcomes in healthy, active individuals: a literature synthesis. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2013;57:356–65.
    1. Lin JJ, Hung CJ, Yang PL. The effects of scapular taping on electromyographic muscle activity and proprioception feedback in healthy shoulders. J Orthop Res 2011;29:53–7. 10.1002/jor.21146
    1. Castro-Sánchez AM, Lara-Palomo IC, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. . Kinesio Taping reduces disability and pain slightly in chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother 2012;58:89–95. 10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70088-7
    1. Cho HY, Kim EH, Kim J, et al. . Kinesio taping improves pain, range of motion, and proprioception in older patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2015;94:192–200. 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000148
    1. Coskun Benlidayi I, Salimov F, Kurkcu M, et al. . Kinesio Taping for temporomandibular disorders: Single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of effectiveness. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2016;29:373–80. 10.3233/BMR-160683
    1. El-Abd AM, Ibrahim AR, Hel-Hafez HM. Efficacy of kinesio taping versus postural correction exercises on pain intensity and axioscapular muscles activation in mechanical neck dysfunction: a randomized blinded clinical trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
    1. González-Iglesias J, Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Cleland JA, et al. . Short-term effects of cervical kinesio taping on pain and cervical range of motion in patients with acute whiplash injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009;39:515–21. 10.2519/jospt.2009.3072
    1. Kaplan Ş, Alpayci M, Karaman E, et al. . Short-Term Effects of Kinesio Taping in Women with Pregnancy-Related Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Med Sci Monit 2016;22:1297–301. 10.12659/MSM.898353
    1. Kelle B, Güzel R, Sakallı H. The effect of Kinesio taping application for acute non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Rehabil 2016;30:997–1003. 10.1177/0269215515603218
    1. Saavedra-Hernández M, Castro-Sánchez AM, Arroyo-Morales M, et al. . Short-term effects of kinesio taping versus cervical thrust manipulation in patients with mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42:724–30. 10.2519/jospt.2012.4086
    1. Paoloni M, Bernetti A, Fratocchi G, et al. . Kinesio Taping applied to lumbar muscles influences clinical and electromyographic characteristics in chronic low back pain patients. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2011;47:237–44.
    1. Arab AM. A randomized clinical trial of kinesio-taping on DASH in Patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. J Nov Physiother 2013;3:169.
    1. Hsu YH, Chen WY, Lin HC, et al. . The effects of taping on scapular kinematics and muscle performance in baseball players with shoulder impingement syndrome. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009;19:1092–9. 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.11.003
    1. Kaya E, Zinnuroglu M, Tugcu I. Kinesio taping compared to physical therapy modalities for the treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:201–7. 10.1007/s10067-010-1475-6
    1. Kim SY, Kang MH, Kim ER, et al. . Kinesio Taping improves shoulder internal rotation and the external/internal rotator strength ratio in patients with rotator cuff tendinitis. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2014;22:259–63.
    1. VMAd O, LdSP B, Pitangui ACR, et al. . Efeito do Kinesio Taping na dor e discinesia escapular em atletas com síndrome do impacto do ombro. Revista Dor 2013;14:27–30.
    1. Shaheen AF, Bull AM, Alexander CM. Rigid and Elastic taping changes scapular kinematics and pain in subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome; an experimental study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015;25:84–92. 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.07.011
    1. Shakeri H, Keshavarz R, Arab AM, et al. . Clinical effectiveness of kinesiological taping on pain and pain-free shoulder range of motion in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2013;8:800–10.
    1. Shakeri H, Keshavarz R, Arab AM, et al. . Therapeutic Effect of Kinesio-taping on Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand in Patients with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nov Physiother 2013;3:1–5.
    1. Thelen MD, Dauber JA, Stoneman PD. The clinical efficacy of kinesio tape for shoulder pain: a randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2008;38:389–95. 10.2519/jospt.2008.2791
    1. Desjardins-Charbonneau A, Roy JS, Dionne CE, et al. . THE EFFICACY OF TAPING FOR ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015;10:420–33.
    1. Montalvo AM, Cara EL, Myer GD. Effect of kinesiology taping on pain in individuals with musculoskeletal injuries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Sportsmed 2014;42:48–57. 10.3810/psm.2014.05.2057
    1. Morris D, Jones D, Ryan H, et al. . The clinical effects of Kinesio® Tex taping: A systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract 2013;29:259–70. 10.3109/09593985.2012.731675
    1. Mostafavifar M, Wertz J, Borchers J. A systematic review of the effectiveness of kinesio taping for musculoskeletal injury. Phys Sportsmed 2012;40:33–40. 10.3810/psm.2012.11.1986
    1. Parreira PC, Costa LC, Hespanhol LC, et al. . Current evidence does not support the use of Kinesio Taping in clinical practice: a systematic review. J Physiother 2014;60:31–9. 10.1016/j.jphys.2013.12.008
    1. Williams S, Whatman C, Hume PA, et al. . Kinesio taping in treatment and prevention of sports injuries: a meta-analysis of the evidence for its effectiveness. Sports Med 2012;42:153–64. 10.2165/11594960-000000000-00000
    1. Alqunaee M, Galvin R, Fahey T. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93:229–36. 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.035
    1. Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Doukas WC, et al. . Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of 5 physical examination tests and combination of tests for subacromial impingement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90:1898–903. 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.05.015
    1. Siegel LB, Cohen NJ, Gall EP. Adhesive capsulitis: a sticky issue. Am Fam Physician 1999;59:1843–52.
    1. Hertel R, Ballmer FT, Lombert SM, et al. . Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1996;5:307–13. 10.1016/S1058-2746(96)80058-9
    1. Miller CA, Forrester GA, Lewis JS. The validity of the lag signs in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1162–8. 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.046
    1. Roy JS, Moffet H, Hébert LJ, et al. . Effect of motor control and strengthening exercises on shoulder function in persons with impingement syndrome: a single-subject study design. Man Ther 2009;14:180–8. 10.1016/j.math.2008.01.010
    1. Conroy DE, Hayes KW. The effect of joint mobilization as a component of comprehensive treatment for primary shoulder impingement syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998;28:3–14. 10.2519/jospt.1998.28.1.3
    1. Mulligan B. Manual Therapy: NAGS, SNAGS, MWMS etc. 4th edn Wellington, New Zealand, 1999.
    1. Teys P, Bisset L, Vicenzino B. The initial effects of a Mulligan’s mobilization with movement technique on range of movement and pressure pain threshold in pain-limited shoulders. Man Ther 2008;13:37–42. 10.1016/j.math.2006.07.011
    1. Andersen LL, Vinstrup J, Jakobsen MD, et al. . Validity and reliability of elastic resistance bands for measuring shoulder muscle strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017;27:887–94. 10.1111/sms.12695
    1. McClure PW, Bialker J, Neff N, et al. . Shoulder function and 3-dimensional kinematics in people with shoulder impingement syndrome before and after a 6-week exercise program. Phys Ther 2004;84:832–48.
    1. Kase K, Tatyusuki H, Tomoki O. KinesioTM taping perfect manual. 2nd edn Tokyo: Development of KinesioTM tape, 1996.
    1. Goldwasser RS, David CM. [Weaning from mechanical ventilation: let’s perform a strategy]. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2007;19:107–12.
    1. Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med 1996;29:602–8. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199606)29:6<602::AID-AJIM4>;2-L
    1. Durand MJ, Vachon B, Hong QN, et al. . The cross-cultural adaptation of the DASH questionnaire in Canadian French. J Hand Ther 2005;18:34–9. 10.1197/j.jht.2004.10.010
    1. St-Pierre C, Dionne CE, Desmeules F, et al. . Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Canadian French adaptation of the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) index. J Hand Ther 2015;28:292–9. 10.1016/j.jht.2015.02.001
    1. Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, et al. . Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain 2004;5:133–7. 10.1016/j.jpain.2003.12.005
    1. Tatham B, Smith J, Cheifetz O, et al. . The efficacy of exercise therapy in reducing shoulder pain related to breast cancer: a systematic review. Physiother Can 2013;65:321–30. 10.3138/ptc.2012-06
    1. Kirkley A, Alvarez C, Griffin S. The development and evaluation of a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for disorders of the rotator cuff: The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index. Clin J Sport Med 2003;13:84–92. 10.1097/00042752-200303000-00004
    1. Dejaco B, Habets B, van Loon C, et al. . Eccentric versus conventional exercise therapy in patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy: a randomized, single blinded, clinical trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017;25:2051–9. 10.1007/s00167-016-4223-x
    1. Kocyigit F, Acar M, Turkmen MB, et al. . Kinesio taping or just taping in shoulder subacromial impingement syndrome? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2016;32:501–8. 10.1080/09593985.2016.1219434
    1. Kolber MJ, Hanney WJ. The reliability and concurrent validity of shoulder mobility measurements using a digital inclinometer and goniometer: a technical report. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2012;7:306–13.
    1. Harput G, Guney H, Toprak U, et al. . Acute effects of scapular kinesiotaping on shoulder rotator strength, range of motion and acromiohumeral distance in asymptomatic overhead athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016.
    1. Luque-Suarez A, Navarro-Ledesma S, Petocz P, et al. . Short term effects of kinesiotaping on acromiohumeral distance in asymptomatic subjects: a randomised controlled trial. Man Ther 2013;18:573–7. 10.1016/j.math.2013.06.002
    1. Desmeules F, Minville L, Riederer B, et al. . Acromio-humeral distance variation measured by ultrasonography and its association with the outcome of rehabilitation for shoulder impingement syndrome. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14:197–205. 10.1097/00042752-200407000-00002
    1. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, et al. . Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2000;10:361–74. 10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4
    1. Roy JS, Moffet H, McFadyen BJ. Upper limb motor strategies in persons with and without shoulder impingement syndrome across different speeds of movement. Clin Biomech 2008;23:1227–36. 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.07.009
    1. Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials 1989;10:407–15.
    1. Kamper SJ, Maher CG, Mackay G. Global rating of change scales: a review of strengths and weaknesses and considerations for design. J Man Manip Ther 2009;17:163–70. 10.1179/jmt.2009.17.3.163
    1. Hung CJ, Jan MH, Lin YF, et al. . Scapular kinematics and impairment features for classifying patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Man Ther 2010;15:547–51. 10.1016/j.math.2010.06.003
    1. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et al. . G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175–91. 10.3758/BF03193146
    1. Gupta SK. Intention-to-treat concept: A review. Perspect Clin Res 2011;2:109–12. 10.4103/2229-3485.83221

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren