Acute Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Investigation

Elizabeth Carpio-Rivera, José Moncada-Jiménez, Walter Salazar-Rojas, Andrea Solera-Herrera, Elizabeth Carpio-Rivera, José Moncada-Jiménez, Walter Salazar-Rojas, Andrea Solera-Herrera

Abstract

Hypertension affects 25% of the world's population and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the evidence regarding the acute effect of exercise on blood pressure (BP) using meta-analytic measures. Sixty-five studies were compared using effect sizes (ES), and heterogeneity and Z tests to determine whether the ES were different from zero. The mean corrected global ES for exercise conditions were -0.56 (-4.80 mmHg) for systolic BP (sBP) and -0.44 (-3.19 mmHg) for diastolic BP (dBP; z ≠ 0 for all; p < 0.05). The reduction in BP was significant regardless of the participant's initial BP level, gender, physical activity level, antihypertensive drug intake, type of BP measurement, time of day in which the BP was measured, type of exercise performed, and exercise training program (p < 0.05 for all). ANOVA tests revealed that BP reductions were greater if participants were males, not receiving antihypertensive medication, physically active, and if the exercise performed was jogging. A significant inverse correlation was found between age and BP ES, body mass index (BMI) and sBP ES, duration of the exercise's session and sBP ES, and between the number of sets performed in the resistance exercise program and sBP ES (p < 0.05). Regardless of the characteristics of the participants and exercise, there was a reduction in BP in the hours following an exercise session. However, the hypotensive effect was greater when the exercise was performed as a preventive strategy in those physically active and without antihypertensive medication.

Conflict of interest statement

Potential Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Chart 1
Chart 1
Study selection flow diagram.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Global effect size of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ES: effect size; sBP: systolic blood pressure; dBP: diastolic blood pressure; z: ES ≠ 0, p

Figure 2

Corrected systolic blood pressure effect…

Figure 2

Corrected systolic blood pressure effect size by categorical variables. Normotens.: normotensive; Prehypertens.: prehypertensive;…

Figure 2
Corrected systolic blood pressure effect size by categorical variables. Normotens.: normotensive; Prehypertens.: prehypertensive; Hypertens.: hypertensive; BP: blood pressure; sBP: systolic blood pressure; z: ES ≠ 0, p

Figure 3

Correlation between corrected systolic blood…

Figure 3

Correlation between corrected systolic blood pressure (sBP), effect sizes, and continuous variables. Note:…

Figure 3
Correlation between corrected systolic blood pressure (sBP), effect sizes, and continuous variables. Note: sBP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.
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Figure 2
Figure 2
Corrected systolic blood pressure effect size by categorical variables. Normotens.: normotensive; Prehypertens.: prehypertensive; Hypertens.: hypertensive; BP: blood pressure; sBP: systolic blood pressure; z: ES ≠ 0, p

Figure 3

Correlation between corrected systolic blood…

Figure 3

Correlation between corrected systolic blood pressure (sBP), effect sizes, and continuous variables. Note:…

Figure 3
Correlation between corrected systolic blood pressure (sBP), effect sizes, and continuous variables. Note: sBP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Correlation between corrected systolic blood pressure (sBP), effect sizes, and continuous variables. Note: sBP: systolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.

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