Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes

Nita G Forouhi, Anoop Misra, Viswanathan Mohan, Roy Taylor, William Yancy, Nita G Forouhi, Anoop Misra, Viswanathan Mohan, Roy Taylor, William Yancy

Abstract

Common ground on dietary approaches for the prevention, management, and potential remission of type 2 diabetes can be found, argue Nita G Forouhi and colleagues

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare the following: NGF receives funding from the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_12015/5). NGF is a member (unpaid) of the Joint SACN/NHS-England/Diabetes-UK Working Group to review the evidence on lower carbohydrate diets compared with current government advice for adults with type 2 diabetes and is a member (unpaid) of ILSI-Europe Qualitative Fat Intake Task Force Expert Group on update on health effects of different saturated fats. AM received honorarium and research funding from Herbalife and Almond Board of California. VM has received funding from Abbott Health Care for meal replacement studies, the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India, and the Almond Board of California for studies on nuts. RT has received funding from Diabetes UK for the Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial and he is a member (unpaid) of the Joint SACN/NHS-England/Diabetes-UK Working Group to review the evidence on lower carbohydrate diets compared to current government advice for adults with type 2 diabetes. WY has received funding from the Veterans Affairs for research projects examining a low carbohydrate diet in patients with diabetes.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Dietary advice for different populations for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes

References

    1. International Diabetes Federation IDF diabetes atlas. 8th ed IDF, 2017.
    1. Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, et al. GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015;386:2287-323. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
    1. Pastors JG, Warshaw H, Daly A, Franz M, Kulkarni K. The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management. Diabetes Care 2002;25:608-13. 10.2337/diacare.25.3.608
    1. Lianov L, Johnson M. Physician competencies for prescribing lifestyle medicine. JAMA 2010;304:202-3. 10.1001/jama.2010.903
    1. Kahan S, Manson JE. Nutrition counseling in clinical practice: how clinicians can do better. JAMA 2017;318:1101-2. 10.1001/jama.2017.10434
    1. Mohan V, Shah SN, Joshi SR, et al. DiabCare India 2011 Study Group Current status of management, control, complications and psychosocial aspects of patients with diabetes in India: Results from the DiabCare India 2011 Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014;18:370-8. 10.4103/2230-8210.129715
    1. Hippisley-Cox J, Pringle M. Prevalence, care, and outcomes for patients with diet-controlled diabetes in general practice: cross sectional survey. Lancet 2004;364:423-8. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16765-2
    1. England CY, Andrews RC, Jago R, Thompson JL. A systematic review of brief dietary questionnaires suitable for clinical use in the prevention and management of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015;69:977-1003. 10.1038/ejcn.2015.6
    1. Miller V, Yusuf S, Chow CK, et al. Availability, affordability, and consumption of fruits and vegetables in 18 countries across income levels: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet Glob Health 2016;4:e695-703. 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30186-3
    1. Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation 2016;133:187-225. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585
    1. Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 2014;383:1999-2007. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60613-9
    1. Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. American Diabetes Association Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013;36:3821-42. 10.2337/dc13-2042
    1. Dworatzek PD, Arcudi K, Gougeon R, Husein N, Sievenpiper JL, Williams SL, Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabetes 2013;37(Suppl 1):S45-55. 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.019
    1. Ajala O, English P, Pinkney J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:505-16. 10.3945/ajcn.112.042457
    1. Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, et al. Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care 2012;35:434-45. 10.2337/dc11-2216
    1. Dyson PA, Kelly T, Deakin T, et al. Diabetes UK Nutrition Working Group Diabetes UK evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Diabet Med 2011;28:1282-8. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03371.x
    1. Franz MJ, MacLeod J, Evert A, et al. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Practice Guideline for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Systematic Review of Evidence for Medical Nutrition Therapy Effectiveness and Recommendations for Integration into the Nutrition Care Process. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017;117:1659-79. 10.1016/j.jand.2017.03.022
    1. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, et al. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2017;32:363-75. 10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y
    1. Mozaffarian D, Forouhi NG. Dietary guidelines and health—is nutrition science up to the task? BMJ 2018;360:k822. 10.1136/bmj.k822
    1. Mann JI, De Leeuw I, Hermansen K, et al. Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2004;14:373-94. 10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80028-0
    1. Misra A, Sharma R, Gulati S, et al. National Dietary Guidelines Consensus Group Consensus dietary guidelines for healthy living and prevention of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and related disorders in Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011;13:683-94. 10.1089/dia.2010.0198
    1. Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, et al. Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:780-90. 10.3945/ajcn.115.112581
    1. Tobias DK, Chen M, Manson JE, Ludwig DS, Willett W, Hu FB. Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:968-79. 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00367-8
    1. Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K, et al. Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2014;312:923-33. 10.1001/jama.2014.10397
    1. Gardner CD, Kim S, Bersamin A, et al. Micronutrient quality of weight-loss diets that focus on macronutrients: results from the A TO Z study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:304-12. 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29468
    1. Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC, et al. Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2018;319:667-79. 10.1001/jama.2018.0245
    1. Wallin A, Di Giuseppe D, Orsini N, Patel PS, Forouhi NG, Wolk A. Fish consumption, dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2012;35:918-29. 10.2337/dc11-1631
    1. Aung T, Haynes R, Barton J, et al. ASCEND Study Collaborative Group Cost-effective recruitment methods for a large randomised trial in people with diabetes: A Study of Cardiovascular Events iN Diabetes (ASCEND). Trials 2016;17:286. 10.1186/s13063-016-1354-9
    1. Schwingshackl L, Lampousi AM, Portillo MP, Romaguera D, Hoffmann G, Boeing H. Olive oil in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and intervention trials. Nutr Diabetes 2017;7:e262. 10.1038/nutd.2017.12
    1. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. PREDIMED Study Investigators Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-90. 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
    1. Forouhi NG, Krauss RM, Taubes G, Willet W. Dietary fat and cardiometabolic health: evidence, controversies, and consensus for guidance. BMJ 2018;361:k2139.
    1. Bero L. Developing reliable dietary guidelines. BMJ 2017;359:j4845. 10.1136/bmj.j4845
    1. Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT, et al. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care 2009;32:2133-5. 10.2337/dc09-9036
    1. McCombie L, Leslie W, Taylor R, Kennon B, Sattar N, Lean MEJ. Beating type 2 diabetes into remission. BMJ 2017;358:j4030. 10.1136/bmj.j4030
    1. Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR, UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). JAMA 1999;281:2005-12. 10.1001/jama.281.21.2005
    1. Guidone C, Manco M, Valera-Mora E, et al. Mechanisms of recovery from type 2 diabetes after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. Diabetes 2006;55:2025-31. 10.2337/db06-0068
    1. Lim EL, Hollingsworth KG, Aribisala BS, Chen MJ, Mathers JC, Taylor R. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia 2011;54:2506-14. 10.1007/s00125-011-2204-7
    1. White MG, Shaw JA, Taylor R. Type 2 Diabetes: The Pathologic Basis of Reversible β-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes Care 2016;39:2080-8. 10.2337/dc16-0619
    1. Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, et al. Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes Care 2016;39:808-15. 10.2337/dc15-1942
    1. Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2018;391:541-51. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1
    1. Gregg EW, Chen H, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Look AHEAD Research Group Association of an intensive lifestyle intervention with remission of type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2012;308:2489-96. 10.1001/jama.2012.67929
    1. Peters C, Steven S, Taylor R. Case 73: Reversal of type 2 diabetes by weight loss despite presence of macro- and microvascular complications. In: Draznin B, ed. diabetes case studies real problems, practical solutions. American Diabetes Association, 2015:271-4.
    1. Whittington J. Fixing dad. Short Books, 2016.
    1. Pearce IA, Ilango B, Sells RA, Wong D. Stabilisation of diabetic retinopathy following simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:736-40. 10.1136/bjo.84.7.736 10.1136/bjo.84.7.736
    1. Arun CS, Pandit R, Taylor R. Long-term progression of retinopathy after initiation of insulin therapy in Type 2 diabetes: an observational study. Diabetologia 2004;47:1380-4. 10.1007/s00125-004-1473-9
    1. The Kroc Collaborative Study Group Diabetic retinopathy after two years of intensified insulin treatment. Follow-up of the Kroc Collaborative Study. JAMA 1988;260:37-41. 10.1001/jama.1988.03410010045032
    1. Osler W, McCrae T. The principles and practice of medicine. D. Appleton and Company, 1921.
    1. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Jr, Humphreys M. Dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus in the pre-insulin era (1914-1922). Perspect Biol Med 2006;49:77-83. 10.1353/pbm.2006.0017
    1. Bisschop PH, De Sain-Van Der Velden MG, Stellaard F, et al. Dietary carbohydrate deprivation increases 24-hour nitrogen excretion without affecting postabsorptive hepatic or whole body protein metabolism in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:3801-5. 10.1210/jc.2002-021087
    1. Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Stein TP. Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:403-11. 10.7326/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00006
    1. van Wyk HJ, Davis RE, Davies JS. A critical review of low-carbohydrate diets in people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2016;33:148-57. 10.1111/dme.12964
    1. Dyson P. Low Carbohydrate Diets and Type 2 Diabetes: What is the Latest Evidence? Diabetes Ther 2015;6:411-24. 10.1007/s13300-015-0136-9
    1. Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, Andersen HK, Astrup A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017;5:e000354. 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000354
    1. Kirk JK, Graves DE, Craven TE, Lipkin EW, Austin M, Margolis KL. Restricted-carbohydrate diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:91-100. 10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.003
    1. Meng Y, Bai H, Wang S, Li Z, Wang Q, Chen L. Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017;131:124-31. 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.006
    1. Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Hoffmann G, Schwedhelm C, Boeing H. A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Epidemiol 2018;33:157-70. 10.1007/s10654-017-0352-x
    1. Noakes TD, Windt J. Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:133-9. 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096491
    1. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition 2015;31:1-13. 10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011
    1. Hallberg SJ, McKenzie AL, Williams PT, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a novel care model for the management of type 2 diabetes at 1 year: an open-label, non-randomized, controlled study. Diabetes Ther 2018;9:583-612.
    1. Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176(Suppl 7):S44-54. 10.1093/aje/kws264
    1. Bueno NB, de Melo IS, de Oliveira SL, da Rocha Ataide T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2013;110:1178-87. 10.1017/S0007114513000548
    1. Mansoor N, Vinknes KJ, Veierød MB, Retterstøl K. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2016;115:466-79. 10.1017/S0007114515004699
    1. Santos FL, Esteves SS, da Costa Pereira A, Yancy WS, Jr, Nunes JP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev 2012;13:1048-66. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01021.x
    1. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Forsythe CE. Modification of lipoproteins by very low-carbohydrate diets. J Nutr 2005;135:1339-42. 10.1093/jn/135.6.1339
    1. Friedman AN, Ogden LG, Foster GD, et al. Comparative effects of low-carbohydrate high-protein versus low-fat diets on the kidney. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:1103-11. 10.2215/CJN.11741111
    1. Jesudason DR, Pedersen E, Clifton PM. Weight-loss diets in people with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of different dietary protein amounts. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:494-501. 10.3945/ajcn.113.060889
    1. Brinkworth GD, Buckley JD, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Renal function following long-term weight loss in individuals with abdominal obesity on a very-low-carbohydrate diet vs high-carbohydrate diet. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110:633-8. 10.1016/j.jada.2009.12.016
    1. Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY. Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:265-74. 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34504
    1. Brinkworth GD, Wycherley TP, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet and an isocaloric low-fat diet on bone health in obese adults. Nutrition 2016;32:1033-6. 10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.003
    1. India Go. Nutritional intake in India, 2011-12, NSS 68th Round. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, 2014.
    1. Misra A, Singhal N, Sivakumar B, Bhagat N, Jaiswal A, Khurana L. Nutrition transition in India: secular trends in dietary intake and their relationship to diet-related non-communicable diseases. J Diabetes 2011;3:278-92. 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00139.x
    1. Zhai F, Wang H, Du S, et al. Prospective study on nutrition transition in China. Nutr Rev 2009;67(Suppl 1):S56-61. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00160.x
    1. Stern D, Piernas C, Barquera S, Rivera JA, Popkin BM. Caloric beverages were major sources of energy among children and adults in Mexico, 1999-2012. J Nutr 2014;144:949-56. 10.3945/jn.114.190652
    1. Popkin BM. Synthesis and implications: China’s nutrition transition in the context of changes across other low- and middle-income countries. Obes Rev 2014;15(Suppl 1):60-7. 10.1111/obr.12120
    1. Bowen L, Ebrahim S, De Stavola B, et al. Dietary intake and rural-urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2011;6:e14822. 10.1371/journal.pone.0014822
    1. Holmboe-Ottesen G, Wandel M. Changes in dietary habits after migration and consequences for health: a focus on South Asians in Europe. Food Nutr Res 2012;56:56. 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.18891
    1. Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, et al. Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study investigators Association of dietary nutrients with blood lipids and blood pressure in 18 countries: a cross-sectional analysis from the PURE study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5:774-87. 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30283-8
    1. Gulati S, Misra A. Abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians: dietary strategies including edible oils, cooking practices and sugar intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017;71:850-7. 10.1038/ejcn.2017.92
    1. Bhardwaj S, Passi SJ, Misra A, et al. Effect of heating/reheating of fats/oils, as used by Asian Indians, on trans fatty acid formation. Food Chem 2016;212:663-70. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.021
    1. Downs SM, Singh A, Gupta V, Lock K, Ghosh-Jerath S. The need for multisectoral food chain approaches to reduce trans fat consumption in India. BMC Public Health 2015;15:693. 10.1186/s12889-015-1988-7
    1. Tillin T, Sattar N, Godsland IF, Hughes AD, Chaturvedi N, Forouhi NG. Ethnicity-specific obesity cut-points in the development of type 2 diabetes - a prospective study including three ethnic groups in the United Kingdom. Diabet Med 2015;32:226-34. 10.1111/dme.12576
    1. World Health Organization. Sugars intake for adults and children. Guideline. WHO, 2015.
    1. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. SACN Carbohydrates and Health Report. Public Health England. London, 2015.

Source: PubMed

3
Abonnieren