Rehabilitation for children with chronic acquired brain injury in the Child in Context Intervention (CICI) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Nina Rohrer-Baumgartner, Ingvil Laberg Holthe, Edel Jannecke Svendsen, Cecilie Røe, Jens Egeland, Ida M H Borgen, Solveig L Hauger, Marit V Forslund, Cathrine Brunborg, Hege Prag Øra, Hilde Margrete Dahl, Line Kildal Bragstad, Eli Marie Killi, Maria Sandhaug, Ingerid Kleffelgård, Anine Pernille Strand-Saugnes, Ingeborg Dahl-Hilstad, Jennie Ponsford, Laraine Winter, Shari Wade, Marianne Løvstad, Nina Rohrer-Baumgartner, Ingvil Laberg Holthe, Edel Jannecke Svendsen, Cecilie Røe, Jens Egeland, Ida M H Borgen, Solveig L Hauger, Marit V Forslund, Cathrine Brunborg, Hege Prag Øra, Hilde Margrete Dahl, Line Kildal Bragstad, Eli Marie Killi, Maria Sandhaug, Ingerid Kleffelgård, Anine Pernille Strand-Saugnes, Ingeborg Dahl-Hilstad, Jennie Ponsford, Laraine Winter, Shari Wade, Marianne Løvstad

Abstract

Background: Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) is associated with long-term cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional problems, which may affect the quality of life, school, and family functioning. Yet, there is a lack of evidence-based community-centered rehabilitation programs for chronic pABI and these children do not systematically receive comprehensive rehabilitation. The Child In Context Intervention (CICI) study is a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) for children with chronic pABI, which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized and goal-oriented intervention targeting everyday functioning of the child and family.

Methods: Children aged 6-16 years with MRI/CT-verified intracranial abnormalities will be included in the CICI study if they have persistent self- or parent-reported cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral challenges 1 year or more after insult and attend school regularly. A total of 70 families will be randomized 1:1 to an intervention or a control group. The intervention consists of seven family sessions, one parent seminar, and four school sessions delivered over approximately 6 months. The parent seminar will be held in person, and the other sessions will mainly be video based. The children's and families' self-reported major challenges in everyday life will be targeted using SMART goals. Evidence-based strategies, when available, will be applied to achieve the goals, combined with psychoeducation. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) will be used to evaluate goal attainment. Data is collected at baseline and after approximately 6 and 9 months. External assessors are blinded to group allocation. Primary outcomes are parent-reported brain injury symptoms in children and parenting self-efficacy at 9 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes include child-reported brain injury symptoms, quality of life, executive functioning in daily life, parent emotional symptoms, family functioning, and unmet family health care needs. A process evaluation will be conducted.

Discussion: The current study provides an innovative approach to rehabilitation for children in the chronic phase of ABI and their families. This complex intervention may contribute to the development of evidence-based, high-quality rehabilitation for a large patient group, which is underrepresented in clinical research. It may also improve collaboration between specialized rehabilitation facilities, schools, and local health care services. Inclusion for the trial started in April 2021.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04798859 . Registered on March 15, 2021.

Keywords: Acquired brain injury; Community; Family intervention; Goal-oriented; Health care needs; Online treatment; Parenting; Pediatric brain injury; School; Telerehabilitation.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flowchart of the CICI study
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Overview of the intervention sessions

References

    1. Anderson V, Catroppa C, Morse S, Haritou F, Rosenfeld J. Functional plasticity or vulnerability after early brain injury. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1374–1382. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1728.
    1. McKinlay A, Grace RC, Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM, Ridder EM, MacFarlane MR. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: prospective evidence from a birth cohort. Brain Injury. 2008;22(2):175–181. doi: 10.1080/02699050801888824.
    1. Babikian T, Merkley T, Savage RC, Giza CC, Levin H. Chronic aspects of pediatric traumatic brain injury: review of the literature. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(23):1849–1860. doi: 10.1089/neu.2015.3971.
    1. Rosema S, Crowe L, Anderson V. Social function in children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review 1989-2011. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(7):1277–1291. doi: 10.1089/neu.2011.2144.
    1. Slomine B, Locascio G. Cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15(2):133–143. doi: 10.1002/ddrr.56.
    1. Crowe LM, Catroppa C, Anderson V. Sequelae in children: developmental consequences. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;128:661–677. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63521-1.00041-8.
    1. Anderson V, Moore C. Age at injury as a predictor of outcome following pediatric head injury: a longitudinal perspective. Child Neuropsychol. 1995;1(3):187–202. doi: 10.1080/09297049508400224.
    1. Catroppa C, Anderson V, Beauchamp MH, Yeates KO. New frontiers in pediatric traumatic brain injury: an evidence base for clinical practice. New York: Routledge; 2015.
    1. Heinemann AW, Sokol K, Garvin L, Bode RK. Measuring unmet needs and services among persons with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(8):1052–1059. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.34283.
    1. Bruce SS-GL, Savage R. Strategies for managing challenging behaviors of students with brain injuries. Wake Forest, NC: Lash and Associates Publishing and Training; 2004.
    1. Wade SL, Kurowski BG. Behavioral clinical trials in moderate to severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: challenges, potential solutions, and lessons learned. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017;32(6):433–437. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000323.
    1. Fuentes MM, Wang J, Haarbauer-Krupa J, Yeates KO, Durbin D, Zonfrillo MR, et al. Unmet Rehabilitation Needs After Hospitalization for Traumatic Brain Injury. Pediatrics. 2018;141(5):e20172859. 10.1542/peds.2017-2859.
    1. Keetley R, Radford K, Manning JC. A scoping review of the needs of children and young people with acquired brain injuries and their families. Brain Inj. 2019;33(9):1117–1128. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1637542.
    1. Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Walz NC, Stancin T, Wade SL. The family environment as a moderator of psychosocial outcomes following traumatic brain injury in young children. Neuropsychology. 2010;24(3):345–356. doi: 10.1037/a0018387.
    1. Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Drotar D, Wade SL, Klein S, Stancin T, et al. Preinjury family environment as a determinant of recovery from traumatic brain injuries in school-age children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(6):617–630. doi: 10.1017/S1355617797006176.
    1. Tuerk C, Gagner C, Dégeilh F, Bellerose J, Lalonde G, Landry-Roy C, Séguin M, de Beaumont L, Gravel J, Bernier A, Beauchamp MH. Quality of life 6 and 18 months after mild traumatic brain injury in early childhood: an exploratory study of the role of genetic, environmental, injury, and child factors. Brain Res. 2020;1748:147061. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147061.
    1. Gerring JP, Wade S. The essential role of psychosocial risk and protective factors in pediatric traumatic brain injury research. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(4):621–628. doi: 10.1089/neu.2011.2234.
    1. Glang A, Ettel D, Todis B, Gordon WA, Oswald JM, Vaughn SL, Connors SH, Brown M. Services and supports for students with traumatic brain injury: survey of state educational agencies. Exceptionality. 2015;23(4):211–224. doi: 10.1080/09362835.2014.986612.
    1. Todis B, Glang A, Bullis M, Ettel D, Hood D. Longitudinal investigation of the post-high school transition experiences of adolescents with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2011;26(2):138–149. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181e5a87a.
    1. Glang A, Todis B, Ettel D, Wade SL, Yeates KO. Results from a randomized trial evaluating a hospital-school transition support model for students hospitalized with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(5):608–616. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1433329.
    1. Linden MA, Braiden HJ, Miller S. Educational professionals’ understanding of childhood traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2013;27(1):92–102. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2012.722262.
    1. Roscigno CI, Fleig DK, Knafl KA. Parent management of the school reintegration needs of children and youth following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(6):523–533. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.933896.
    1. Kingery KM, Narad ME, Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Stancin T, Wade SL. Do children who sustain traumatic brain injury in early childhood need and receive academic services 7 years after injury? J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017;38(9):728–735. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000489.
    1. Dettmer J, Ettel D, Glang A, McAvoy K. Building statewide infrastructure for effective educational services for students with TBI: promising practices and recommendations. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(3):224–232. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182a1cd68.
    1. Haarbauer-Krupa, J, Glang, A, Kurowski, B, Breiding, MJ. Report to Congress: the management of traumatic brain injury in children. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.), Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); 2018 [cited on 1 August 2021]. Available from: .
    1. Catroppa C, Anderson VA, Muscara F, Morse SA, Haritou F, Rosenfeld JV, Heinrich LM. Educational skills: long-term outcome and predictors following paediatric traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009;19(5):716–732. doi: 10.1080/09602010902732868.
    1. Schrieff-Elson LETKGF, Rohlwink UK, Pediatric traumatic brain injury: outcomes and rehabilitation . In: Textbook of pediatric neurosurgery. PD DRC, Rutka J, editors. Cham: Springer; 2017.
    1. Limond J, Leeke R. Practitioner review: cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(4):339–352. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00397.x.
    1. Laatsch L, Harrington D, Hotz G, Marcantuono J, Mozzoni MP, Walsh V, Hersey KP. An evidence-based review of cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation treatment studies in children with acquired brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2007;22(4):248–256. doi: 10.1097/01.HTR.0000281841.92720.0a.
    1. Catroppa C, Soo C, Crowe L, Woods D, Anderson V. Evidence-based approaches to the management of cognitive and behavioral impairments following pediatric brain injury. Future Neurol. 2012;7(6):719–731. doi: 10.2217/fnl.12.64.
    1. Laatsch L, Dodd J, Brown T, Ciccia A, Connor F, Davis K, Doherty M, Linden M, Locascio G, Lundine J, Murphy S, Nagele D, Niemeier J, Politis A, Rode C, Slomine B, Smetana R, Yaeger L. Evidence-based systematic review of cognitive rehabilitation, emotional, and family treatment studies for children with acquired brain injury literature: From 2006 to 2017. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2020;30(1):130–161. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1678490.
    1. Resch C, Rosema S, Hurks P, de Kloet A, van Heugten C. Searching for effective components of cognitive rehabilitation for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury: a systematic review. Brain Injury. 2018;32(6):679–692. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1458335.
    1. Wade SL, Narad ME, Shultz EL, Kurowski BG, Miley AE, Aguilar JM, Adlam AR. Technology-assisted rehabilitation interventions following pediatric brain injury. J Neurosurg Sci. 2018;62(2):187–202. doi: 10.23736/S0390-5616.17.04277-1.
    1. Ross KA, Dorris L, McMillan T. A systematic review of psychological interventions to alleviate cognitive and psychosocial problems in children with acquired brain injury. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(8):692–701. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03976.x.
    1. Backeljauw B, Kurowski BG. Interventions for attention problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury: what is the evidence. PM R. 2014;6(9):814–824. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.004.
    1. Wade SL, Michaud L, Brown TM. Putting the pieces together: preliminary efficacy of a family problem-solving intervention for children with traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(1):57–67. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200601000-00006.
    1. Wade SL, Walz NC, Carey J, McMullen KM, Cass J, Mark E, et al. Effect on behavior problems of teen online problem-solving for adolescent traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics. 2011;128(4):e947–e953. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-3721.
    1. Wade SL, Carey J, Wolfe CR. An online family intervention to reduce parental distress following pediatric brain injury. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(3):445–454. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.445.
    1. Narad ME, Minich N, Taylor HG, Kirkwood MW, Brown TM, Stancin T, Wade SL. Effects of a Web-based intervention on family functioning following pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015;36(9):700–707. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000208.
    1. Raj SP, Wade SL, Cassedy A, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Brown TM, Kirkwood MW. Parent psychological functioning and communication predict externalizing behavior problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39(1):84–95. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst075.
    1. Wade SL, Kurowski BG, Kirkwood MW, Zhang N, Cassedy A, Brown TM, Nielsen B, Stancin T, Taylor HG. Online problem-solving therapy after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):e487–ee95. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1386.
    1. Braga LW, Da Paz AC, Ylvisaker M. Direct clinician-delivered versus indirect family-supported rehabilitation of children with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Injury. 2005;19(10):819–831. doi: 10.1080/02699050500110165.
    1. Wade DT. What is rehabilitation? An empirical investigation leading to an evidence-based description. Clin Rehabil. 2020;34(5):571–583. doi: 10.1177/0269215520905112.
    1. Borgen IMH, Løvstad M, Andelic N, Hauger S, Sigurdardottir S, Søberg HL, Sveen U, Forslund MV, Kleffelgård I, Lindstad MØ, Winter L, Røe C. Traumatic brain injury-needs and treatment options in the chronic phase: study protocol for a randomized controlled community-based intervention. Trials. 2020;21(1):294. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-4195-5.
    1. Winter L, Moriarty HJ, Robinson K, Piersol CV, Vause-Earland T, Newhart B, Iacovone DB, Hodgson N, Gitlin LN. Efficacy and acceptability of a home-based, family-inclusive intervention for veterans with TBI: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Inj. 2016;30(4):373–387. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2016.1144080.
    1. Brennan D, Tindall L, Theodoros D, Brown J, Campbell M, Christiana D, Smith D, Cason J, Lee A. A blueprint for telerehabilitation guidelines. Int J Telerehabil. 2010;2(2):31–34. doi: 10.5195/ijt.2010.6063.
    1. McCarron RH, Watson S, Gracey F. What do kids with acquired brain injury want? Mapping neuropsychological rehabilitation goals to the international classification of functioning, disability and health. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2019;25(4):403–412. doi: 10.1017/S1355617719000213.
    1. Locke EA, Latham GP. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. Am Psychol. 2002;57(9):705–717. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705.
    1. Gagnon A, Lin J, Stergiou-Kita M. Family members facilitating community re-integration and return to productivity following traumatic brain injury - motivations, roles and challenges. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(5):433–441. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1044035.
    1. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Gøtzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346(jan08 15):e7586. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e7586.
    1. Wechsler D. Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children. 5. San Antonio: NCS Pearson; 2014.
    1. Gioia GA, Isquit PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. BRIEF-2: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. 2. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2015.
    1. Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL (TM) 4.0: reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life Inventory (TM) Version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care. 2001;39(8):800–812. doi: 10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006.
    1. Ayr LK, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Browne M. Dimensions of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009;15(1):19–30. doi: 10.1017/S1355617708090188.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9 - validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
    1. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder - the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
    1. Kendall S, Bloomfield L. Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting self-efficacy. J Adv Nurs. 2005;51(2):174–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03479.x.
    1. Epstein N, Baldwin L, Bishop DS. The McMaster family assessment device. J Marital Fam Ther. 1983;9(2):171–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x.
    1. Gan C, Wright FV. Development of the family needs questionnaire - pediatric version [FNQ-P] - phase I. Brain Inj. 2019;33(5):623–632. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1566836.
    1. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M, et al. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2008;337:a1655. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1655.
    1. Skivington K, Matthews L, Simpson SA, Craig P, Baird J, Blazeby JM, et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: Update of Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2021;374:n2061. 10.1136/bmj.n2061.
    1. Holthe IL, Rohrer-Baumgartner N, Svendsen EJ, Hauger SL, Forslund MV, IMH B, et al. Treating chronic symptoms of pediatric acquired brain injury - feasibility and acceptability of a complex telerehabilitation intervention: the Child in Context Intervention Study (CICI). Manuscr Prep. 2021.
    1. Bovend'Eerdt TJ, Botell RE, Wade DT. Writing SMART rehabilitation goals and achieving goal attainment scaling: a practical guide. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(4):352–361. doi: 10.1177/0269215508101741.
    1. Malec JF. Goal attainment scaling in rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 1999;9(3/4):253–275. doi: 10.1080/096020199389365.
    1. Turner-Stokes L. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) in rehabilitation: a practical guide. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(4):362–370. doi: 10.1177/0269215508101742.
    1. Sohlberg MM. Cognitive rehabilitation manual: translating evidence-based recommendations into practice. Arch Clin Neuropsych. 2012;27(8):931–932. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acs080.
    1. Eccleston C, Fisher E, Law E, Bartlett J, Palermo TM. Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;4:CD009660. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009660.pub3.
    1. Antonini TN, Raj SP, Oberjohn KS, Cassedy A, Makoroff KL, Fouladi M, Wade SL. A pilot randomized trial of an online parenting skills program for pediatric traumatic brain injury: improvements in parenting and child behavior. Behav Ther. 2014;45(4):455–468. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.003.
    1. Law E, Fisher E, Eccleston C, Palermo TM. Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3(6). 10.1002/14651858.CD009660.pub4.
    1. Wade SL, Cassedy AE, Shultz EL, Zang H, Zhang N, Kirkwood MW, Stancin T, Yeates KO, Taylor HG. Randomized clinical trial of online parent training for behavior problems after early brain injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(11):930–939. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.413.
    1. Wade SL, Carey J, Wolfe CR. The efficacy of an online cognitive-behavioral family intervention in improving child behavior and social competence following pediatric brain injury. Am Psychol Assoc. 2006;51(3):179–189. doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.51.3.179.
    1. Wade SL, Stancin T, Kirkwood M, Brown TM, McMullen KM, Taylor HG. Counselor-assisted problem solving (CAPS) improves behavioral outcomes in older adolescents with complicated mild to severe TBI. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(3):198–207. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31828f9fe8.
    1. Dewan MC, Mummareddy N, Wellons JC, 3rd, Bonfield CM. Epidemiology of global pediatric traumatic brain injury: qualitative review. World Neurosurg. 2016;91:497–509.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.045.
    1. Dahl HM, Andelic N, Lovstad M, Holthe IL, Hestnes M, Diseth TH, et al. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in children 15 years and younger in South-Eastern Norway in 2015-16. Implications for prevention and follow-up needs. EJPN. 2021;31:70–77. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.02.002.
    1. Kreftregisteret . Nasjonalt kvalitetsregister for barnekreft, Årsrapport 2019. 2020.
    1. Thompson C, Kneen R, Riordan A, Kelly D, Pollard AJ. Encephalitis in children. Arch Dis Childhood. 2012;97(2):150–161. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2011-300100.
    1. Sejvar J. Neuroepidemiology and the epidemiology of viral infections of the nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:67–87. 10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00003-1.
    1. Ferriero DM, Fullerton HJ, Bernard TJ, Billinghurst L, Daniels SR, DeBaun MR, deVeber G, Ichord RN, Jordan LC, Massicotte P, Meldau J, Roach ES, Smith ER, American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing Management of stroke in neonates and children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50(3):e51–e96. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000183.
    1. Slomine BS, McCarthy ML, Ding R, MacKenzie EJ, Jaffe KM, Aitken ME, et al. Health care utilization and needs after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e663–e674. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1892.
    1. Jones S, Davis N, Tyson SF. A scoping review of the needs of children and other family members after a child’s traumatic injury. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(4):501–511. doi: 10.1177/0269215517736672.
    1. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191. doi: 10.3758/BF03193146.
    1. Renaud MI, van de Port IGL, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Köhler S, Lambregts SAM, van Heugten CM. Effectiveness of the Brains Ahead! Intervention: 6 months results of a randomized controlled trial in school-aged children with mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2020;35(6):E490–E500. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0000000000000583.
    1. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, Moore L, O'Cathain A, Tinati T, Wight D, Baird J. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2015;350(mar19 6):h1258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258.
    1. Krasovsky T, Silberg T, Barak S, Eisenstein E, Erez N, Feldman I, Guttman D, Liber P, Patael SZ, Sarna H, Sadeh Y, Steinberg P, Landa J. Transition to multidisciplinary pediatric telerehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: strategy development and implementation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1484. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041484.
    1. Camden C, Pratte G, Fallon F, Couture M, Berbari J, Tousignant M. Diversity of practices in telerehabilitation for children with disabilities and effective intervention characteristics: results from a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(24):3424–3436. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1595750.
    1. Association WM World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Jama. 2013;310(20):2191–2194. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren