Anti-Inflammatory Potential of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enriched Hen Eggs Consumption in Improving Microvascular Endothelial Function of Healthy Individuals-Clinical Trial

Ana Stupin, Martina Mihalj, Nikolina Kolobarić, Petar Šušnjara, Luka Kolar, Zrinka Mihaljević, Anita Matić, Marko Stupin, Ivana Jukić, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević, Gordana Kralik, Vatroslav Šerić, Ines Drenjančević, Ana Stupin, Martina Mihalj, Nikolina Kolobarić, Petar Šušnjara, Luka Kolar, Zrinka Mihaljević, Anita Matić, Marko Stupin, Ivana Jukić, Zlata Kralik, Manuela Grčević, Gordana Kralik, Vatroslav Šerić, Ines Drenjančević

Abstract

The effects of consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) enriched hen eggs on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in microcirculation, and on endothelial activation and inflammation were determined in young healthy individuals. Control group (N = 21) ate three regular hen eggs/daily (249 mg n-3 PUFAs/day), and n-3 PUFAs group (N = 19) ate three n-3 PUFAs enriched hen eggs/daily (1053 g n-3 PUFAs/day) for 3 weeks. Skin microvascular blood flow in response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine (AChID; endothelium-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (SNPID; endothelium-independent) was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Blood pressure (BP), body composition, body fluid status, serum lipid and free fatty acids profile, and inflammatory and endothelial activation markers were measured before and after respective dietary protocol. Results: Serum n-3 PUFAs concentration significantly increased, AChID significantly improved, and SNPID remained unchanged in n-3 PUFAs group, while none was changed in Control group. Interferon-γ (pro-inflammatory) significantly decreased and interleukin-10 (anti-inflammatory) significantly increased in n-3 PUFAs. BP, fat free mass, and total body water significantly decreased, while fat mass, interleukin-17A (pro-inflammatory), interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor A significantly increased in the Control group. Other measured parameters remained unchanged in both groups. Favorable anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 PUFAs consumption potentially contribute to the improvement of microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy individuals.

Keywords: cytokines; endothelium; inflammation; laser Doppler flowmetry; microvascular; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The summary of the potential mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) supplementation may modulate endothelial function. Several possible targets by which n-3 PUFAs supplementation modulate endothelial function are: (a) increasing production of endothelium nitric oxide (NO), (b) reducing formation or increasing elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), (c) decreasing vascular or systemic inflammation (e.g., endothelial activation and endothelium–leukocyte interaction), (d) inducing angiogenesis/neovascularization and mobilization of bone-marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and (e) increasing the expression and/or activity of other endothelium-derived vasodilators (e.g., eicosanoids). A—arachidonic acid; AChIR—acetylcholine induced relaxation; BH4—tetrahydrobiopterin; BH2—7,8-dihydrobiopterin; DHA—docosahexaenoic acid; eNOS—endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EPA—eicosapentaenoic acid; ICAM—1-intercellular adhesion molecule 1; n-3 PUFAs—n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; SDF-1α—stromal cell-derived factor 1; sLEx—Sialyl Lewisx; VCAM-1—vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The effect of the three-week regular (Control group) and n-3 PUFAs (n-3 PUFAs group) enriched hen eggs consumption on skin microvascular endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in young healthy individuals. (A) Acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID), and (B) Sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation (SNPID). AChID and SNPID are expressed as flow increase following ACh or SNP administration compared to baseline flow. Data are presented as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (SD). n-3 PUFA- n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Control N = 21, n-3 PUFAs N = 19. * p = 0.014 before vs. after within the n-3 PUFA group (paired t-test).

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