Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Corticosteroid-Sparing Effects of Immunoglobulin in Myasthenia Gravis

Abstract

Background and objectives: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized by dysfunction at the neuromuscular junction. Treatment frequently includes corticosteroids (CSs) and IV immunoglobulin (IVIG). This study was conducted to determine whether immune globulin (human), 10% caprylate/chromatography purified (IGIV-C) could facilitate CS dose reduction in CS-dependent patients with MG.

Methods: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, CS-dependent patients with MG (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America Class II-Iva; AChR+) received a loading dose of 2 g/kg IGIV-C over 2 days (maximum 80 g/d) or placebo at week 0 (baseline). Maintenance doses (1 g/kg IGIV-C or placebo) were administered every 3 weeks through week 36. Tapering of CS was initiated at week 9 and continued through week 36 unless the patient worsened (quantitative MG score ≥4 points from baseline). CS doses were increased (based on the current CS dose) in patients who worsened. Patients were withdrawn if worsening failed to improve within 6 weeks or if a second CS increase was required. The primary efficacy end point (at week 39) was a ≥50% reduction in CS dose. Secondary and safety end points were assessed throughout the study and follow-up (weeks 42 and 45). The study results and full protocol are available at clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02473965.

Results: The primary end point (≥50% reduction in CS dose) showed no significant difference between the IGIV-C treatment (60.0% of patients) and placebo (63.3%). There were no significant differences for secondary end points. Safety data indicated that IGIV-C was well tolerated.

Discussion: In this study, IGIV-C was not more effective than placebo in reducing daily CS dose. These results suggest that the effects of IGIV-C and CS are not synergistic and may be mechanistically different.

Trial registration information: The trial was registered on clinicaltrialsregister.eu (EudraCT #: 2013-005099-17) and clinicaltrials.gov (identifier NCT02473965).

Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that IVIG infusions in adult patients with MG do not increase the percentage of patients achieving a ≥50% reduction in corticosteroid dose compared with placebo.

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

Figures

Figure 1. Timeline for Evaluation of Potential Steroid-Sparing Effects of IV Immunoglobulin (IGIV-C) in Myasthenia Gravis

Additional information on patient disposition throughout the study is included in Figure 2. CS = corticosteroid.

Figure 2. Disposition of Participants

aAll discontinuations effectively contributed to corticosteroid (CS) tapering efficacy end points except 3 participants who withdrew before week 9 (1 participant on IV immunoglobulin [IGIV-C] and 2 participants on placebo), as CS tapering was not to begin until at week 9 per the protocol. bAdverse events included worsening of myasthenia gravis (MG) (n = 4), hemolysis (n = 1), and dizziness (n = 1). cMG worsening in this figure refers to protocol-mandated discontinuation due to failed CS taper: CS unresponsive or second episode refers to MG worsening. dAdverse events included MG-related findings (n = 3) and sepsis (n = 1).

Figure 3. Percentage of Patients Achieving the Primary Efficacy End Point: 50% Reduction in Corticosteroid (CS) Dose

Patients were stratified according to whether entry CS dose was at or below the median (n = 20 IGIV-C; n = 15 placebo) or above the median baseline dose (20 mg prednisone equivalent) (n = 10 IGIV-C; n = 15 Placebo). There were no significant differences between the treatment groups overall. Subgroups illustrate that numerically in both arms, a higher percentage achieved primary end point if entering in the higher CS dose quantile. IGIV-C = immune globulin (human), 10% caprylate/chromatography purified; IVIG = IV immunoglobulin.

Figure 4. Kaplan-Meier Analysis of Probability of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Worsening Over the Study Period

There was no significant difference between the treatment groups (p = 0.744) based on the log-rank test. MG worsening was defined as a ≥ 4-point increase in the quantitative MG (QMG) score.