Pharmacological management of binge eating disorder: current and emerging treatment options

Susan L McElroy, Anna I Guerdjikova, Nicole Mori, Anne M O'Melia, Susan L McElroy, Anna I Guerdjikova, Nicole Mori, Anne M O'Melia

Abstract

Growing evidence suggests that pharmacotherapy may be beneficial for some patients with binge eating disorder (BED), an eating disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of uncontrollable consumption of abnormally large amounts of food without inappropriate weight loss behaviors. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of BED and review the rationales and data supporting the effectiveness of specific medications or medication classes in treating patients with BED. We conclude by summarizing these data, discussing the role of pharmacotherapy in the BED treatment armamentarium, and suggesting future areas for research.

Keywords: binge eating disorder; medication management; pharmacotherapy.

References

    1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Text Revision.
    1. Wonderlich SA, Gordon KH, Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Engel SG. The validity and clinical utility of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(8):687–705.
    1. Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Jr, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(3):348–358.
    1. Preti A, Girolamo G, Vilagut G, et al. The epidemiology of eating disorders in six European countries: results of the ESEMeD-WMH project. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(14):1125–1132.
    1. Bulik CM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Medical morbidity in binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34(Suppl):S39–46.
    1. Hudson JI, Lalonde JK, Berry JM, et al. Binge-eating disorder as a distinct familial phenotype in obese individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(3):313–319.
    1. Hudson JI, Lalonde JK, Coit CE, et al. Longitudinal study of the diagnosis of components of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with binge eating disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(6):1568–1573.
    1. Javaras KN, Pope HG, Lalonde JK, et al. Co-occurrence of binge eating disorder with psychiatric and medical disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(2):266–273.
    1. Pope HG, Jr, Lalonde JK, Pindyck LJ, et al. Binge eating disorder: a stable syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(12):2181–2183.
    1. Wilson GT. Treatment of binge eating disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(4):773–783.
    1. Yager J. Binge eating disorder: The search for better treatments. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(1):4–6.
    1. Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P. Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;4:CD000562.
    1. Wadden TA, Faulconbridge LF, Jones-Corneille LR, et al. Binge eating disorder and the outcome of bariatric surgery at one year: a prospective, observational study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(6):1220–1228.
    1. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: Two high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16(3):615–622.
    1. Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C. Maladaptive eating patterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes following gastric bypass: Results of an Internet survey. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18(10):1938–1943.
    1. Livhits M, Mercado C, Yermilov I, et al. Preoperative predictors of weight loss following bariatric surgery: systematic review. Obes Surg. 2012;22(1):70–89.
    1. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18–35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(1):79–85.
    1. Berkman ND, Bulik CM, Brownley KA, et al. Management of eating disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2006;135:1–166.
    1. Hudson JI, Carter WP, Pope HG., Jr Antidepressant treatment of binge-eating disorder: research findings and clinical guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(Suppl 8):73–79.
    1. Ramoz N, Versini A, Gorwood P. Eating disorders: an overview of treatment responses and the potential impact of vulnerability genes and endophenotypes. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(13):2029–2044.
    1. Reas DL, Grilo CM. Review and meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy for binge-eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16(9):2024–2038.
    1. Steffen KJ, Roerig JL, Mitchell JE, Uppala S. Emerging drugs for eating disorder treatment. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2006;11(2):315–336.
    1. Yager J, Powers PS. Clinical Manual of Eating Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2007.
    1. Zhu AJ, Walsh BT. Pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47(3):227–234.
    1. Aigner M, Treasure J, Kaye W, Kasper S. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011;12(6):400–443.
    1. American Psychiatric Association. Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(Suppl 7):4–54.
    1. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical Guideline No 9. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2004. Eating Disorders. Core Interventions in the Treatment and Managment of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders.
    1. Swanson SA, Crow SJ, Le Grange D, Swendsen J, Merikangas KR. Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(7):714–723.
    1. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Dobrow I. What is this thing called BED? Current status of binge eating disorder nosology. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34(Suppl):S2–18.
    1. Grilo CM, Masheb RM. Onset of dieting versus binge eating in outpatients with binge eating disorder. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(4):404–409.
    1. Walsh BT, Boudreau G. Laboratory studies of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;34(Suppl):S30–38.
    1. Schienle A, Schafer A, Hermann A, Vaitl D. Binge-eating disorder: reward sensitivity and brain activation to images of food. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(8):654–661.
    1. Goldschmidt AB, Le Grange D, Powers P, et al. Eating disorder symptomatology in normal-weight vs obese individuals with binge eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(7):1515–1518.
    1. Brandao PP, Garcia-Souza EP, Neves FA, et al. Leptin/adiponectin ratio in obese women with and without binge eating disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010;31(3):353–358.
    1. Latner JD, Clyne C. The diagnostic validity of the criteria for binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41(1):1–14.
    1. Mobbs O, Iglesias K, Golay A, Van der Linden M. Cognitive deficits in obese persons with and without binge eating disorder. Investigation using a mental flexibility task. Appetite. 2011;57(1):263–271.
    1. Wang GJ, Geliebter A, Volkow ND, et al. Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(8):1601–1608.
    1. Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Should binge eating disorder be included in the DSM-V? A critical review of the state of the evidence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:305–324.
    1. Thomas JL, Vartanian LR. Eating disorder not otherwise specified. In: Striegel-Moore RH, Wonderlich SA, Walsh BT, Mitchell JE, editors. Developing an Evidence-Based Classification of Eating Disorders Scientific Findings for DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2011.
    1. Wilson GT, Sysko R. Frequency of binge eating episodes in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: Diagnostic considerations. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(7):603–610.
    1. Hudson JI, Coit CE, Lalonde JK, Pope HG., Jr By how much will the proposed new DSM-5 criteria increase the prevalence of binge eating disorder? Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(1):139–141.
    1. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, O’Melia A, Mori N, Keck PEJ. Pharmaco-therapy of the eating disorders. In: Agras S, editor. Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 2010.
    1. Yager J. Management of patients with chronic, intractable eating disorders. In: Yager J, Powers PS, editors. Clinical Manual of Eating Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2007.
    1. Harrold JA, Dovey TM, Blundell JE, Halford JC. CNS regulation of appetite. Neuropharmacology. 2012 Jan 30; [Epub ahead of print.]
    1. Berner LA, Bocarsly ME, Hoebel BG, Avena NM. Pharmacological interventions for binge eating: lessons from animal models, current treatments, and future directions. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(12):1180–1187.
    1. Mathes WF, Brownley KA, Mo X, Bulik CM. The biology of binge eating. Appetite. 2009;52(3):545–553.
    1. Tecott LH, Sun LM, Akana SF, et al. Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. Nature. 1995;374(6522):542–546.
    1. Geliebter A, Yahav EK, Gluck ME, Hashim SA. Gastric capacity, test meal intake, and appetitive hormones in binge eating disorder. Physiol Behav. 2004;81(5):735–740.
    1. Hargrave SL, Kinzig KP. Repeated gastric distension alters food intake and neuroendocrine profiles in rats. Physiol Behav. 2011;105(4):975–981.
    1. Biton V. Weight change and antiepileptic drugs: health issues and criteria for appropriate selection of an antiepileptic agent. Neurologist. 2006;12(3):163–167.
    1. Powers PS, Cloak NL. Medication-related weight changes. Impact on treatment of eating disorder patients. In: Yager J, Powers PS, editors. Clinical Manual of Eating Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2007.
    1. Halford JC, Boyland EJ, Blundell JE, Kirkham TC, Harrold JA. Pharmacological management of appetite expression in obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6(5):255–269.
    1. Biton V. Clinical pharmacology and mechanism of action of zonisamide. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007;30(4):230–240.
    1. Clifton PG, Kennett GA. Monoamine receptors in the regulation of feeding behaviour and energy balance. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2006;5(3):293–312.
    1. Guardia D, Rolland B, Karila L, Cottencin O. GABAergic and glutamatergic modulation in binge eating: therapeutic approach. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(14):1396–1409.
    1. Husum H, Van Kammen D, Termeer E, Bolwig G, Mathe A. Topiramate normalizes hippocampal neuropeptide Y-LI in flinders sensitive line ‘depressed’ rats and upregulates neuropeptide Y, galanin, and CRH-LI in the hypothalamus: implications for mood-stabilizing and weight loss-inducing effects. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28(7):1292–1299.
    1. Kwak SE, Kim JE, Kim DS, et al. Differential effects of vigabatrin and zonisamide on the neuropeptide Y system in the hippocampus of seizure prone gerbil. Neuropeptides. 2005;39(5):507–513.
    1. Meister B. Neurotransmitters in key neurons of the hypothalamus that regulate feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(1–2):263–271.
    1. Ravussin E, Smith SR, Mitchell JA, et al. Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17(9):1736–1743.
    1. Smith SR, Aronne LJ, Burns CM, Kesty NC, Halseth AE, Weyer C. Sustained weight loss following 12-month pramlintide treatment as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention in obesity. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(9):1816–1823.
    1. McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Capece JA, et al. Topiramate for the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(9):1039–1048.
    1. Wilfley DE, Crow SJ, Hudson JI, et al. Efficacy of sibutramine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(1):51–58.
    1. Aronne LJ, Powell AG, Apovian CM. Emerging pharmacotherapy for obesity. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2011;16(3):587–596.
    1. Chen Z, Yang J, Tobak A. Designing new treatments for depression and anxiety. IDrugs. 2008;11(3):189–197.
    1. Fong TM. Development of anti-obesity agents: drugs that target neuropeptide and neurotransmitter systems. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17(3):321–325.
    1. Halford JC, Boyland EJ, Lawton CL, Blundell JE, Harrold JA. Serotonergic anti-obesity agents: past experience and future prospects. Drugs. 2011;71(17):2247–2255.
    1. Johannessen Landmark C, Johannessen SI. Pharmacological management of epilepsy: recent advances and future prospects. Drugs. 2008;68(14):1925–1939.
    1. Machado-Vieira R, Salvadore G, DiazGranados N, et al. New therapeutic targets for mood disorders. Scientific World Journal. 2010;10:713–726.
    1. Appolinario JC, McElroy SL. Pharmacological approaches in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Curr Drug Targets. 2004;5(3):301–307.
    1. Bacaltchuk J, Hay P. Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;4:CD003391.
    1. Horne RL, Ferguson JM, Pope HG, Jr, et al. Treatment of bulimia with bupropion: a multicenter controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988;49(7):262–266.
    1. Shapiro JR, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Bulimia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(4):321–336.
    1. Monteleone P, Tortorella A, Castaldo E, Maj M. Association of a functional serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with binge eating disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006;141B(1):7–9.
    1. Latagliata EC, Patrono E, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R. Food seeking in spite of harmful consequences is under prefrontal cortical noradrenergic control. BMC Neurosci. 2010;11:15.
    1. Alger SA, Schwalberg MD, Bigaouette JM, Michalek AV, Howard LJ. Effect of a tricyclic antidepressant and opiate antagonist on binge-eating behavior in normoweight bulimic and obese, binge-eating subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(4):865–871.
    1. Arnold LM, McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Welge JA, Bennett AJ, Keck PE. A placebo-controlled, randomized trial of fluoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(11):1028–1033.
    1. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled comparison. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(3):301–309.
    1. Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Kotwal R, et al. High-dose escitalopram in the treatment of binge-eating disorder with obesity: a placebo-controlled monotherapy trial. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(1):1–11.
    1. Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, et al. Duloxetine in the treatment of binge eating disorder with depressive disorders: a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(2):281–289.
    1. Hudson JI, McElroy SL, Raymond NC, et al. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a multicenter placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(12):1756–1762.
    1. Laederach-Hofmann K, Graf C, Horber F, et al. Imipramine and diet counseling with psychological support in the treatment of obese binge eaters: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;26(3):231–244.
    1. McElroy SL, Casuto LS, Nelson EB, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(6):1004–1006.
    1. McElroy SL, Arnold LM, Shapira NA, et al. Topiramate in the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(2):255–261.
    1. Pearlstein T, Spurell E, Hohlstein LA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in binge eating disorder: a high placebo response. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2003;6(2):147–151.
    1. McCann UD, Agras WS. Successful treatment of nonpurging bulimia nervosa with desipramine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147(11):1509–1513.
    1. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Petkova E, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine as adjuncts to group behavioral therapy for binge eating disorder. Obes Res. 2005;13(6):1077–1088.
    1. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Salant SL. Cognitive behavioral therapy guided self-help and orlistat for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(10):1193–1201.
    1. Brownley KA, Berkman ND, Sedway JA, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Binge eating disorder treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(4):337–348.
    1. Stefano SC, Bacaltchuk J, Blay SL, Appolinario JC. Antidepressants in short-term treatment of binge eating disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Behav. 2008;9(2):129–136.
    1. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Crosby RD. Predictors and moderators of response to cognitive behavioral therapy and medication for the treatment of binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012 Jan 30; [Epub ahead of print.]
    1. Fichter MM, Kruger R, Rief W, Holland R, Dohne J. Fluvoxamine in prevention of relapse in bulimia nervosa: effects on eating-specific psychopathology. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(1):9–18.
    1. Romano SJ, Halmi KA, Sarkar NP, Koke SC, Lee JS. A placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in continued treatment of bulimia nervosa after successful acute fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(1):96–102.
    1. Leombruni P, Piero A, Brustolin A, et al. A 12 to 24 weeks pilot study of sertraline treatment in obese women binge eaters. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(3):181–188.
    1. Leombruni P, Piero A, Lavagnino L, Brustolin A, Campisi S, Fassino S. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing sertraline and fluoxetine 6-month treatment in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(6):1599–1605.
    1. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Petkova E, Liu L, Walsh BT. Cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine for binge eating disorder: two-year follow-up. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15(7):1702–1709.
    1. Calandra C, Russo RG, Luca M. Bupropion versus sertraline in the treatment of depressive patients with binge eating disorder: retrospective cohort study. Psychiatr Q. 2011 Sep 17; [Epub ahead of print.]
    1. Malhotra S, King KH, Welge JA, Brusman-Lovins L, McElroy SL. Venlafaxine treatment of binge-eating disorder associated with obesity: a series of 35 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(9):802–806.
    1. Bailer UF, Bloss CS, Frank GK, et al. 5-HT1A receptor binding is increased after recovery from bulimia nervosa compared with control women and is associated with behavioral inhibition in both groups. Int J Eat Disord. 2011;44(6):477–487.
    1. Garattini S. Biological actions of drugs affecting serotonin and eating. Obes Res. 1995;3(Suppl 4):463S–470S.
    1. Colman E. Anorectics on trial: a half century of federal regulation of prescription appetite suppressants. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(5):380–385.
    1. Gardin JM, Schumacher D, Constantine G, Davis KD, Leung C, Reid CL. Valvular abnormalities and cardiovascular status following exposure to dexfenfluramine or phentermine/fenfluramine. JAMA. 2000;283(13):1703–1709.
    1. Stunkard A, Berkowitz R, Tanrikut C, Reiss E, Young L. D-fenfluramine treatment of binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(11):1455–1459.
    1. Padwal RS, Majumdar SR. Drug treatments for obesity: orlistat, sibutramine, and rimonabant. Lancet. 2007;369(9555):71–77.
    1. James WP, Caterson ID, Coutinho W, et al. Effect of sibutramine on cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(10):905–917.
    1. Appolinario JC, Bacaltchuk J, Sichieri R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(11):1109–1116.
    1. Milano W, Petrella C, Casella A, Capasso A, Carrino S, Milano L. Use of sibutramine, an inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, in the treatment of binge eating disorder: A placebo-controlled study. Adv Ther. 2005;22(1):25–31.
    1. Franzoi SL, Shields SA. The Body Esteem Scale: multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. J Pers Assess. 1984;48(2):173–178.
    1. Golay A, Laurent-Jaccard A, Habicht F, et al. Effect of orlistat in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Obes Res. 2005;13(10):1701–1708.
    1. Fernandez-Aranda F, Amor A, Jimenez-Murcia S, Gimenez-Martinez L, Turon-Gil V, Vallejo-Ruiloba J. Bulimia nervosa and misuse of orlistat: two case reports. Int J Eat Disord. 2001;30(4):458–461.
    1. Hagler Robinson A. Orlistat misuse as purging in a patient with binge-eating disorder. Psychosomatics. 2009;50(2):177–178.
    1. Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, et al. Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse. 2001;39(1):32–41.
    1. Aronne LJ, Halseth AE, Burns CM, Miller S, Shen LZ. Enhanced weight loss following coadministration of pramlintide with sibutramine or phentermine in a multicenter trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18(9):1739–1746.
    1. Ioannides-Demos LL, Piccenna L, McNeil JJ. Pharmacotherapies for obesity: Past, current, and future therapies. J Obes. 2011;2011:179674.
    1. Alger SA, Malone M, Cerulli J, Fein S, Howard L. Beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy on weight loss, depressive symptoms, and eating patterns in obese binge eaters and non-binge eaters. Obes Res. 1999;7(5):469–476.
    1. Devlin MJ, Goldfein JA, Carino JS, Wolk SL. Open treatment of overweight binge eaters with phentermine and fluoxetine as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral therapy. Int J Eat Disord. 2000;28(3):325–332.
    1. Green RS, Rau JH. Treatment of compulsive eating disturbances with anticonvulsant medication. Am J Psychiatry. 1974;131(4):428–432.
    1. Hudson JI, Pope HG., Jr . The role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of bulimia. In: McElroy SL, Pope HG Jr, editors. Use of Anticonvulsants in Psychiatry. Clifton, NJ: Oxford Health Care; 1988.
    1. Rau JH, Struve FA, Green RS. Electroencephalographic correlates of compulsive eating. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1979;10(4):180–189.
    1. Moore SL, Rakes SM. Binge eating – therapeutic response to diphenylhydantoin: case report. J Clin Psychiatry. 1982;43(9):385–386.
    1. McElroy SL, Keck PE, Jr, Pope HG., Jr . Antiepileptic Drugs to Treat Psychiatric Disorders. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2008.
    1. Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner HR, 2nd, Krishnan KR. Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1820–1825.
    1. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Keck PEJ, Pope HG, Jr, Hudson JI. Antiepileptic drugs in obesity, psychotropic-associated weight gain, and eating disorders. In: McElroy SL, Keck PEJ, Post RM, editors. Antiepileptic Drugs to Treat Psychiatric Disorders. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2008.
    1. Olive MF, Cleva RM, Kalivas PW, Malcolm RJ. Glutamatergic medications for the treatment of drug and behavioral addictions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;100(4):801–810.
    1. McElroy SL, Keck PE., Jr . Topiramate. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB, editors. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2009.
    1. Bray GA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of topiramate for weight loss in obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11(6):722–733.
    1. Wilding J, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, Vercruysse F, Fitchet M. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(11):1399–1410.
    1. Tonstad S, Tykarski A, Weissgarten J, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects with essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(2):243–251.
    1. Allison DB, Gadde KM, Garvey WT, et al. Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP) Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;20(2):330–342.
    1. Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1341–1352.
    1. Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Look M, et al. Two-year sustained weight loss and metabolic benefits with controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in obese and overweight adults (SEQUEL): a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 extension study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(2):297–308.
    1. Barratt ES, Stanford MS. Impulsiveness. In: Cooper GC, editor. Impulsiveness in Personality Characteristics of the Personality Disordered Client. New York, NY: Wiley; 1995.
    1. Claudino AM, de Oliveira IR, Appolinario JC, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate plus cognitive-behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(9):1324–1332.
    1. McElroy SL, Shapira NA, Arnold LM, et al. Topiramate in the long-term treatment of binge-eating disorder associated with obesity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(11):1463–1469.
    1. De Bernardi C, Ferraris S, D’Innella P, Do F, Torre E. Topiramate for binge eating disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29(2):339–341.
    1. Dolberg OT, Barkai G, Gross Y, Schreiber S. Differential effects of topiramate in patients with traumatic brain injury and obesity – a case series. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005;179(4):838–845.
    1. Kotwal R, Guerdjikova A, McElroy SL, Keck PE., Jr Lithium augmentation of topiramate for bipolar disorder with comorbid binge eating disorder and obesity. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(7):425–431.
    1. Schmidt do Prado-Lima PA, Bacaltchuck J. Topiramate in treatment-resistant depression and binge-eating disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4(4):271–273.
    1. Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, McElroy SL. Treatment of binge-eating disorder with topiramate: a clinical case series. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(5):368–372.
    1. Guerdjikova AI, Kotwal R, McElroy SL. Response of recurrent binge eating and weight gain to topiramate in patients with binge eating disorder after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2005;15(2):273–277.
    1. Zilberstein B, Pajecki D, Garcia de Brito AC, Gallafrio ST, Eshkenazy R, Andrade CG. Topiramate after adjustable gastric banding in patients with binge eating and difficulty losing weight. Obes Surg. 2004;14(6):802–805.
    1. Colom F, Vieta E, Benabarre A, et al. Topiramate abuse in a bipolar patient with an eating disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(6):475–476.
    1. McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Guerdjikova AI, et al. Zonisamide in the treatment of binge eating disorder with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(12):1897–1906.
    1. Orexigen. [Accessed February 17, 2012]. Available from: .
    1. Gadde KM, Yonish GM, Foust MS, Wagner HR. Combination therapy of zonisamide and bupropion for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary, randomized, open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(8):1226–1229.
    1. McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Hudson JI, Nelson EB, Keck PE. Zonisamide in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: an open-label, prospective trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):50–56.
    1. Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Welge JA, Nelson E, Keck PE, Hudson JI. Lamotrigine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled monotherapy trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(3):150–158.
    1. Merideth CH. A single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of lamotrigine in the treatment of obesity in adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(2):258–262.
    1. Greenway FL, Dahms WT, Bray GA. Phenytoin as a treatment of obesity associated with compulsive eating. Current Therapeutic Research. 1977;21:338–342.
    1. Wermuth BM, Davis KL, Hollister LE, Stunkard AJ. Phenytoin treatment of the binge-eating syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134(11):1249–1253.
    1. Leombruni P, Gastaldi F, Lavagnino L, Fassino S. Oxcarbazepine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a case series. Adv Ther. 2008;25(7):718–724.
    1. Bello NT, Hajnal A. Acute methylphenidate treatments reduce sucrose intake in restricted-fed bingeing rats. Brain Res Bull. 2006;70(4–6):422–429.
    1. Ong YL, Checkley SA, Russell GF. Suppression of bulimic symptoms with methylamphetamine. Br J Psychiatry. 1983;143:288–293.
    1. Drimmer EJ. Stimulant treatment of bulimia nervosa with and without attention-deficit disorder: three case reports. Nutrition. 2003;19(1):76–77.
    1. Dukarm CP. Bulimia nervosa and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a possible role for stimulant medication. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005;14(4):345–350.
    1. Schweickert LA, Strober M, Moskowitz A. Efficacy of methylphenidate in bulimia nervosa comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case report. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;21(3):299–301.
    1. Sokol MS, Gray NS, Goldstein A, Kaye WH. Methylphenidate treatment for bulimia nervosa associated with a cluster B personality disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 1999;25(2):233–237.
    1. Silveira RO, Zanatto V, Appolinario JC, Kapczinski F. An open trial of reboxetine in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord. 2005;10(4):e93–e96.
    1. Davis C, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, et al. Dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) associated with appetite suppression to methylphenidate in a case-control study of binge eating disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32(10):2199–2206.
    1. O’Brien CP. Anticraving agents for the treatment of addictive disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2004;6(5):321–322.
    1. Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, Stice E, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Neural correlates of food addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(8):808–816.
    1. Gearhardt AN, White MA, Potenza MN. Binge eating disorder and food addiction. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011;4(3):201–207.
    1. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Winstanley EL, et al. Acamprosate in the treatment of binge eating disorder: A placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord. 2011;44(1):81–90.
    1. Mitchell JE, Christenson G, Jennings J, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of naltrexone hydrochloride in out-patients with normal weight bulimia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989;9(2):94–97.
    1. Marrazzi MA, Bacon JP, Kinzie J, Luby ED. Naltrexone use in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;10(3):163–172.
    1. Jonas JM, Gold MS. The use of opiate antagonists in treating bulimia: a study of low-dose versus high-dose naltrexone. Psychiatry Res. 1988;24(2):195–199.
    1. Raingeard I, Courtet P, Renard E, Bringer J. Naltrexone improves blood glucose control in type 1 diabetic women with severe and chronic eating disorders. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(3):847–848.
    1. Drewnowski A, Krahn DD, Demitrack MA, Nairn K, Gosnell BA. Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high-fat foods in obese and lean female binge eaters. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61(6):1206–1212.
    1. Greenway FL, Dunayevich E, Tollefson G, et al. Comparison of combined bupropion and naltrexone therapy for obesity with monotherapy and placebo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(12):4898–4906.
    1. Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):595–605.
    1. Wadden TA, Foreyt JP, Foster GD, et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011;19(1):110–120.
    1. Marrazzi MA, Markham KM, Kinzie J, Luby ED. Binge eating disorder: response to naltrexone. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995;19(2):143–145.
    1. Meyer F. Alleviation of both binge eating and sexual dysfunction with naltrexone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(6):722–723.
    1. Neumeister A, Winkler A, Wober-Bingol C. Addition of naltrexone to fluoxetine in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(5):797.
    1. Hillemacher T, Heberlein A, Muschler MA, Bleich S, Frieling H. Opioid modulators for alcohol dependence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2011;20(8):1073–1086.
    1. Alkermes. Alkermes announces results from Phase 2 study of ALKS 33 for treatment of binge eating disorder. [Accessed March 1, 2012]. Available from: .
    1. Blednov YA, Adron Harris R. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) regulation of ethanol sedation, dependence and consumption: relationship to acamprosate actions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(6):775–793.
    1. Hermanussen M, Tresguerres JA. A new anti-obesity drug treatment: first clinical evidence that antagonising glutamate-gated Ca2+ ion channels with memantine normalises binge-eating disorders. Econ Hum Biol. 2005;3(2):329–337.
    1. Brennan BP, Roberts JL, Fogarty KV, Reynolds KA, Jonas JM, Hudson JI. Memantine in the treatment of binge eating disorder: an open-label, prospective trial. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41(6):520–526.
    1. Zaharna M, Dimitriu A, Guilleminault C. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy of narcolepsy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11(10):1633–1645.
    1. Pardi D, Black J. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate/sodium oxybate: neurobiology, and impact on sleep and wakefulness. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(12):993–1018.
    1. Fortuyn HA, Swinkels S, Buitelaar J, et al. High prevalence of eating disorders in narcolepsy with cataplexy: a case-control study. Sleep. 2008;31(3):335–341.
    1. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Winstanley EL, et al. Sodium oxybate in the treatment of binge eating disorder: an open-label, prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 2011;44(3):262–268.
    1. Broft AI, Spanos A, Corwin RL, et al. Baclofen for binge eating: an open-label trial. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(8):687–691.
    1. Brewerton TD, Shannon M. Possible clozapine exacerbation of bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(10):1408–1409.
    1. Gebhardt S, Haberhausen M, Krieg JC, et al. Clozapine/olanzapine-induced recurrence or deterioration of binge eating-related eating disorders. J Neural Transm. 2007;114(8):1091–1095.
    1. Theisen FM, Linden A, Konig IR, Martin M, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Spectrum of binge eating symptomatology in patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine. J Neural Transm. 2003;110(1):111–121.
    1. Jacobs-Pilipski MJ, Wilfley DE, Crow SJ, et al. Placebo response in binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(3):204–211.
    1. Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL. Binge eating disorder pharmacotherapy clinical trials – who is left out? Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2009;17(2):101–108.
    1. Berlim MT, Fleck MP, Turecki G. Current trends in the assessment and somatic treatment of resistant/refractory major depression: an overview. Ann Med. 2008;40(2):149–159.
    1. Brambilla F, Samek L, Company M, Lovo F, Cioni L, Mellado C. Multivariate therapeutic approach to binge-eating disorder: Combined nutritional, psychological and pharmacological treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(6):312–317.
    1. Zarate CA, Manji HK. Riluzole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4(9):1223–1234.
    1. Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3067–3077.
    1. Astrup A, Madsbad S, Breum L, Jensen TJ, Kroustrup JP, Larsen TM. Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9653):1906–1913.
    1. Field BC, Wren AM, Cooke D, Bloom SR. Gut hormones as potential new targets for appetite regulation and the treatment of obesity. Drugs. 2008;68(2):147–163.
    1. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Fisas A, Codony X, Buschmann H. Selective 5-HT6 receptor ligands: progress in the development of a novel pharmacological approach to the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;117(2):207–231.
    1. Rivera G, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Galiano S, et al. Melanin- concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists: a new perspective for the pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(10):1025–1043.
    1. Smith SR, Prosser WA, Donahue DJ, et al. Lorcaserin (APD356), a selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, reduces body weight in obese men and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17(3):494–503.
    1. Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM, et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):245–256.
    1. Tran P, Skolnick P, Czobor P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the novel triple reuptake inhibitor amitifadine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(1):64–71.
    1. Sysko R, Hildebrandt T, Wilson GT, Wilfley DE, Agras WS. Heterogeneity moderates treatment response among patients with binge eating disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(5):681–690.
    1. Bulik CM, Hebebrand J, Keski-Rahkonen A, et al. Genetic epidemiology, endophenotypes, and eating disorder classification. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40(Suppl):S52–60.

Source: PubMed

Sponsoren und Mitarbeiter

Krankheiten

Drogeninterventionen

3
Abonnieren