A virtual reality intervention for fear of movement for Veterans with chronic pain: protocol for a feasibility study

Christopher A Fowler, Lisa M Ballistrea, Kerry E Mazzone, Aaron M Martin, Howard Kaplan, Kevin E Kip, Jennifer L Murphy, Sandra L Winkler, Christopher A Fowler, Lisa M Ballistrea, Kerry E Mazzone, Aaron M Martin, Howard Kaplan, Kevin E Kip, Jennifer L Murphy, Sandra L Winkler

Abstract

Background: A key concern for people with chronic pain is experiencing increased pain and/or re-injury. Consequently, individuals with chronic pain can develop a maladaptive fear of movement that leads to adverse functional consequences. A primary goal of chronic pain rehabilitation is re-engagement in feared movements through exposure. This is often challenging since safe movement can be uncomfortable. Virtual environments provide a promising opportunity to safely and gradually expose Veterans to movements that are avoided in the real world. The current study will utilize multiple virtual reality (VR) applications (APPs) of varying the intensity levels ranging from passive distraction from pain to active exposure to feared movement. The primary aims of this pilot are to examine VR as an adjunctive nonpharmacological intervention to assist with the adoption and implementation of skills to decrease fear of movement and increase overall functioning among Veterans with chronic pain. Second, to build a hierarchy of VR APPs to assist in gradual exposure to feared movements.

Methods: This study will be conducted in the Chronic Pain Rehabilitation Program (CPRP) at the James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, a unique inpatient program within the VA system. Participants will include up to 20 Veterans who receive a VR intervention as part of their physical therapy. A rating form containing qualitative and quantitative experiences will be administered following each VR session to assess feasibility and to provide descriptive information for the proposed hierarchy. Effect sizes will be calculated from intake and discharge measures for the primary outcome fear of movement and secondary pain and functional outcomes.

Discussion: This study will inform the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial examining the clinical utility of using VR to reduce fear of movement and increase function among Veterans with chronic pain. VR has the advantage of being easily implemented both within VA healthcare settings as well as in Veterans' own residences, where engagement in ongoing self-management approaches is often most challenging. Presumably, VR that is matched to patient needs, progresses in intensity, immerses Veterans in the applications, and is perceived positively by Veterans, will result in positive functional outcomes.

Keywords: Chronic pain; Distraction therapy; Exposure therapy; Fear of movement; Feasibility; Kinesiophobia; Oculus rift; Rehabilitation; Veterans; Virtual reality.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsJLM serves as the Chief Behavioral Health Officer of Karuna Labs. This is a recent appointment. JLM was not in this position during the conceptualization of this study, data collection, or drafting of this manuscript.

© The Author(s). 2019.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Samsung Oculus Gear VR with supplemental hand controller (left) and Oculus Rift (right)

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