Urine Metabolite Profiles and Nutrient Intake Based on 4-Day Weighed Food Diary in Habitual Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores

Helen M Lindqvist, Millie Rådjursöga, Terese Torstensson, Linda Jansson, Lars Ellegård, Anna Winkvist, Helen M Lindqvist, Millie Rådjursöga, Terese Torstensson, Linda Jansson, Lars Ellegård, Anna Winkvist

Abstract

Background: Increasing interest in diets excluding meat and other products of animal origin emphasizes the importance of objective and reliable methods to measure dietary exposure, to evaluate associations and causation between diet and health, and to quantify nutrient intakes in different diets.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate if NMR analysis of urine samples can serve as an objective method to discriminate vegan, vegetarian with or without fish, and omnivore diets. A secondary aim was to assess the influence of dietary nutrient intake on the metabolomics results.

Methods: Healthy individuals (43 men and 75 women, age 19-57 y) complying with habitual vegan (n = 42), vegetarian (n = 25), vegetarian + fish (n = 13), or omnivore (n = 38) diets were enrolled. Data were collected on clinical phenotype and lifestyle including a 4-d weighed food diary. Urine was analyzed for metabolites by NMR spectroscopy and data normalized using probabilistic quotient normalization and Pareto-scaled before multivariate analysis. Before orthogonal projections to latent structures with discriminant analysis, participants were assigned as meat consumers or nonmeat consumers (vegans and vegetarians), vegans or nonvegans (omnivores, vegetarian, and vegetarian + fish).

Results: The main results showed that it was possible to discriminate meat and nonmeat consumers (91% correctly classified), but discrimination between vegans and nonvegans was less rigorous (75% correctly classified). Secondary outcomes showed that reported intake of protein was higher in omnivores, and saturated fat lower and fiber higher in vegans, compared with the other groups. Discriminating metabolites were mainly related to differences in protein intake.

Conclusions: NMR urine metabolomics appears suitable to objectively identify and predict habitual intake of meat in healthy individuals, but results should be interpreted with caution because not only food groups but also specific foods contribute to the patterns.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02039609.

Keywords: NMR; habitual diet; meat; metabolomics; nutrients; omnivore; urine; vegan; vegetarian.

Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Consolidated standard reporting trials diagram. FIL, food intake level.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A) Percentage of participants reporting intake higher than average requirement. (B) Percentage of participants reporting intake lower than lowest recommended intake. Fiber intake limit was set to 25 g/d and protein intake to 0.83 g protein/kg body weight/d according to Nordic Nutritional Requirements 2012 (21).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Principal component analysis model (n = 118) for component 1 t[1] and component 2 t[2], showing the impact of habitual diet in the model.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
(A) Meat compared with nonmeat consumers in orthogonal projections to latent structures with discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models, n = 105 (38/67). (B) Vegan compared with nonvegan (omnivores, vegetarians, vegetarians adding fish) consumers in OPLS-DA models, n = 118 (42/76). The horizontal component of the OPLS-DA score scatter plot captures variation between the groups and the vertical dimension captures variation within the groups.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Individual variables for (A) urea, (B) phosphocholine (variable including both o-phosphocholine and sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and (C) mannitol. The x-axis shows all individuals (1–118) organized from left to right in the order omnivore, vegan, vegetarian (veg), and vegetarian + fish (veg + f). The y-axis shows the relative variable size that reflects the concentration of the metabolite.

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Source: PubMed

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